{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:22:15Z","timestamp":1760239335164,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT09159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT09159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union by FEDER funding of the \u201cHauts-de-France\u201d region","award":["C2EI IDEAL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2EI IDEAL"]}]},{"name":"CONSEIL FRANCO-QUEBECOIS DE COOPERATION UNIVERSITAIRE (CFQCU)","award":["2018-FQ-211196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-FQ-211196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimization-based methods are of interest for developing energy management strategies due to their high performance for hybrid electric vehicles. However, these methods are often complicated and may require strong computational efforts, which can prevent them from real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel real-time optimization-based torque distribution strategy for a parallel hybrid truck. The strategy aims to minimize the engine fuel consumption while ensuring battery charge-sustaining by using linear quadratic regulation in a closed-loop control scheme. Furthermore, by reformulating the problem, the obtained strategy does not require the information of the engine efficiency map like the previous works in literature. The obtained strategy is simple, straightforward, and therefore easy to be implemented in real-time platforms. The proposed method is evaluated via simulation by comparison to dynamic programming as a benchmark. Furthermore, the real-time ability of the proposed strategy is experimentally validated by using power hardware-in-the-loop simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13215538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"5538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Real-Time Energy Management of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Linear Quadratic Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1916-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u1ea3o-Huy","family":"Nguy\u1ec5n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab., University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Centrale Lille, Arts et M\u00e9tiers Institute of Technology, Univ. Lille, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 2697-L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"MEGEVH, French Scientific Network on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, F-59000 Lille, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro F.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Lab., University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Efficient Electric Vehicles with Hybridized Energy Storage Systems, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrale Lille, Arts et M\u00e9tiers Institute of Technology, Univ. Lille, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 2697-L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"MEGEVH, French Scientific Network on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, F-59000 Lille, France"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Bouscayrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrale Lille, Arts et M\u00e9tiers Institute of Technology, Univ. Lille, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 2697-L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"MEGEVH, French Scientific Network on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, F-59000 Lille, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0901-6","article-title":"Global fossil energy markets and climate change mitigation\u2014An analysis with REMIND","volume":"136","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Jin, Z., Hua, Y., and Zhang, L. (2020). 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