{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:34:06Z","timestamp":1777397646952,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the rapid development of 3D printing technology for cement composites, there are still a number of unsolved issues related to extrusion printing. One of them is proper mix design that allows for meeting criteria related to the printing of cementitious materials, such as pumpability, buildability, consistency on the materials, flowability and workability, simultaneously incorporating sustainable development ideas. In the case of mixes for 3D printing, the modification of the composition which increases the overall performance does not always go hand in hand with the reduction of negative environmental impact. The article presents the results of tests of eight mixtures modified with reactive and inert mineral additives designed for 3D printing. The mixes were evaluated in terms of their rheological and mechanical properties as well as environmental impact. Initial test results were verified by printing hollow columns up until collapse. Later, the differences between the compressive strength of standard samples and printed columns were determined. In order to summarize the results, a multi-faceted analysis of the properties of the mixes was carried out, introducing assessment indicators for its individual parameters. The article proves that appropriate material modification of mixes for 3D printing can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment without hindering required 3D printing properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13236351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T20:06:09Z","timestamp":1606853169000},"page":"6351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8867-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kaszy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2918-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Skibicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoshnevis, B., Hwang, D., Yao, K.-T., and Zhenghao, Y. (2006). Mega-scale fabrication by contour crafting. Int. J. Ind. Syst. Eng., 1.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJISE.2006.009791"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.08.012","article-title":"Automated construction by contour crafting\u2014Related robotics and information technologies","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: Potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.16","article-title":"Digital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"1","author":"Wangler","year":"2016","journal-title":"RILEM Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamrani, A., and Nasr, E.A. (2006). Contour Crafting. Rapid Prototyping: Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b101140"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540110365144","article-title":"Experimental investigation of contour crafting using ceramic materials","volume":"7","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.07.034","article-title":"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology","volume":"93","author":"Cesaretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.199","article-title":"Study on concrete pumpability combining different laboratory tools and linkage to rheology","volume":"144","author":"Secrieru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Federowicz, K., Kaszy\u0144ska, M., Zieli\u0144ski, A., and Hoffmann, M. (2020). Effect of Curing Methods on Shrinkage Development in 3D-Printed Concrete. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112590"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"082018","article-title":"Thermal-humidity parameters of 3D printed wall","volume":"471","author":"Kaszynska","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B., Noor Mohamed, N.A., Paul, S.C., Bhagath Singh, G.V., Tan, M.J., and \u0160avija, B. (2019). The Effect of Material Fresh Properties and Process Parameters on Buildability and Interlayer Adhesion of 3D Printed Concrete. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132149"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wangler, T., and Flatt, R. (2019). Rheological Control of 3D Printable Cement Paste and Mortars. First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication\u2014Digital Concrete 2018, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.09.023","article-title":"Distinct-layer casting of SCC: The mechanical consequences of thixotropy","volume":"38","author":"Roussel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1515\/arh-2003-0009","article-title":"Plastic Fluid Flow Parameters Identification Using a Simple Squeezing Test","volume":"13","author":"Roussel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Rheol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.105974","article-title":"Possibilities and challenges of constant shear rate test for evaluation of structural build-up rate of cementitious materials","volume":"130","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Rheological requirements for printable concretes","volume":"112","author":"Roussel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakor, P., Nejadi, S., and Paul, G. (2019). A Study into the Effect of Different Nozzles Shapes and Fibre-Reinforcement in 3D Printed Mortar. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101708"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"101069","article-title":"Effects of deposition velocity in the presence\/absence of E6-glass fibre on extrusion-based 3D printed mortar","volume":"32","author":"Shakor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shakor, P., Renneberg, J., Nejadi, S., and Paul, G. (July, January 28). Optimisation of Different Concrete Mix Designs for 3D Printing by Utilizing 6DOF Industrial Robot. Proceedings of the 34th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201816301002","article-title":"Evaluation of suitability for 3D printing of high performance concretes","volume":"163","author":"Kaszynska","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"65","article-title":"Determination of the greatest height consistent with stability that a vertical pole or mast can be made, and the greatest height to which a tree of given proportions can grow","volume":"4","author":"Greenhill","year":"1881","journal-title":"Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2018.01.010","article-title":"Mechanical performance of wall structures in 3D printing processes: Theory, design tools and experiments","volume":"137","author":"Suiker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03844-6","article-title":"Structural failure during extrusion-based 3D printing processes","volume":"104","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Early age mechanical behaviour of 3D printed concrete: Numerical modelling and experimental testing","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.11.007","article-title":"On the early-age behavior of zero-slump concrete","volume":"42","author":"Brouwers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(81)90105-8","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of fresh concrete","volume":"11","author":"Alexandridis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Carlo, T. (2012). Experimental and Numerical Techniques to Characterize Structural Properties of Fresh Concrete Relevant to Contour Crafting. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Univeristy of Southern California].","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2013-63993"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118286","article-title":"Effect of testing procedures on buildability properties of 3D-printable concrete","volume":"245","author":"Casagrande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.051","article-title":"Printable properties of cementitious material containing copper tailings for extrusion based 3D printing","volume":"162","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"14","article-title":"3d concrete printing: Machine and mix design","volume":"6","author":"Malaeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Nerella, V.N., Krause, M., N\u00e4ther, M., and Mechtcherine, V. (2016, January 2\u20133). Studying printability of fresh concrete for formwork free Concrete on-site 3D Printing technology (CONPrint3D). Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Rheology of Building Materials, Regensburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201821903008","article-title":"Maturity testing of 3D printing concrete with inert microfiller","volume":"219","author":"Skibicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web. Conf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103406","article-title":"Design of 3D printable concrete based on the relationship between flowability of cement paste and optimum aggregate content","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1999.51.5.341","article-title":"The rheological performance of wet-process sprayed mortars","volume":"51","author":"Austin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.08.018","article-title":"Classification of building systems for concrete 3D printing","volume":"83","author":"Duballet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105780","article-title":"Digital Concrete: A Review","volume":"123","author":"Wangler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lafhaj, Z., Rabenantoandro, A.Z., el Moussaoui, S., Dakhli, Z., and Youssef, N. (2019). Experimental Approach for Printability Assessment: Toward a Practical Decision-Making Framework of Printability for Cementitious Materials. Buildings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings9120245"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106968","article-title":"Printability region for 3D concrete printing using slump and slump flow test","volume":"174","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"ASTM (2014). Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement, ASTM International. Technical Report No. C230."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"765","article-title":"Innovation in construction materials engineering versus sustainable development","volume":"65","author":"Czarnecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szewczak, E., Winkler-Skalna, A., and Czarnecki, L. (2020). Sustainable Test Methods for Construction Materials and Elements. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030606"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-016-9077-7","article-title":"State-of-the-art of 3D printing technology of cementitious material\u2014An emerging technique for construction","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Yossef, M., and Chen, A. (2015, January 2\u20133). Applicability and Limitations of 3D Printing for Civil Structures. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Autonomous and Robotic Construction of Infrastructure, Ames, IA, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"65","article-title":"The cost calculation method of construction 3D printing aligned with internet of things","volume":"2018","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.051","article-title":"Measurement of tensile bond strength of 3D printed geopolymer mortar","volume":"113","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.018","article-title":"Particle-bed 3D printing in concrete construction\u2014Possibilities and challenges","volume":"112","author":"Lowke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, D., Veenendaal, D., Akbarzadeh, M., and Block, P. (2014, January 15\u201319). Prototype of an ultra-thin, concrete vaulted floor system. Proceedings of the IASS 2014 Brasilia Symposium: Shells, Membranes and Spatial Structures: Footprints\u2014Structural Morphology 2: Methods for Thin Shells, Brasilia, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D-printed concrete: Applications, performance, and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Siddika","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.05.002","article-title":"Freeform Construction: Mega-scale Rapid Manufacturing for construction","volume":"16","author":"Buswell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Jha, K.N. (2012). Formwork for Concrete Structures, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S.C., van Zijl, G.P., Tan, M.J., Gibson, I., and Campbell, R.I. (2018). A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: Current status and future research prospects. Rapid Prototyp. J., 23.","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0154"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22061","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/245\/2\/022061","article-title":"Optimization of Cost of Building with Concrete Slabs Based on the Maturity Method","volume":"245","author":"Skibicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.357","article-title":"3D Printing of Buildings and Building Components as the Future of Sustainable Construction?","volume":"151","author":"Hager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"205","article-title":"Print time vs. elapsed time: A temporal analysis of a continuous printing operation for additive constructed concrete","volume":"28","author":"Kreiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815481-6.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). Interlayer Strength of 3D Printed Concrete. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Wolfs, R. (2015). 3D Printind of Concrete Structures. [Graduation Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.026","article-title":"Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"72","author":"Labonnote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.04.002","article-title":"Potential benefits of digital fabrication for complex structures: Environmental assessment of a robotically fabricated concrete wall","volume":"154","author":"Hack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.190","article-title":"Environmental design guidelines for digital fabrication","volume":"142","author":"Habert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Skibicki, S., Pankratow, P., Zieli\u0144ski, A., Pajor, M., and Techman, M. (2020). Automation in the Construction of a 3D-Printed Concrete Wall with the Use of a Lintel Gripper. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13081800"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42060","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/95\/4\/042060","article-title":"Influence of Eco-Friendly Mineral Additives on Early Age Compressive Strength and Temperature Development of High-Performance Concrete","volume":"95","author":"Kaszynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.144","article-title":"A systematical review of 3D printable cementitious materials","volume":"207","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"339","article-title":"The effects of seawater on the hydration, microstructure and strength development of Portland cement pastes incorporating colloidal silica","volume":"3","author":"Sikora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2478\/v.10169-011-0017-1","article-title":"The Influence of Selected Material and Technological Factors on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)\/Wp\u0142yw Wybranych Czynnik\u00f3w Materia\u0142owych I Technologicznych Na W\u0142asciwosci Mechaniczne I Mikrostrukture Beton\u00f3w Z Proszk\u00f3w Reaktywnych (BPR)","volume":"57","author":"Zdeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201821903009","article-title":"Comparison of calculation models\u2019 estimates with actual measured autogenous shrinkage in High-Performance Cement Composites","volume":"219","author":"Federowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web. Conf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wangler, T., and Flatt, R. (2019). Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Geopolymer Cured in Ambient Temperature. First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication\u2014Digital Concrete 2018, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"CEN (1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Flow Table), CEN. Technical Report No. CEN-EN 1015-3."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"CEN (2019). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, CEN. Technical Report No. CEN-EN 1015-11."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.09.007","article-title":"The squeezing test: A tool to identify firm cement-based material\u2019s rheological behaviour and evaluate their extrusion ability","volume":"35","author":"Toutou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J., and Salet, T.A. (2020). Properties of Composite Modified with Limestone Powder for 3D Concrete Printing. Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springe.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J., and Salet, T.A. (2020). A Compendious Rheo-Mechanical Test for Printability Assessment of 3D Printable Concrete. Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"CEN (2019). Testing Fresh Concrete. Slump Test, CEN. Technical Report No. CEN-EN 12350-2."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106037","article-title":"Extrusion-based additive manufacturing with cement-based materials\u2014Production steps, processes, and their underlying physics: A review","volume":"132","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen, M., Tamke, M., Gengnagel, C., Faircloth, B., and Scheurer, F. (2015). Additive Manufacturing and Multi-Objective Optimization of Graded Polystyrene Aggregate Concrete Structures. Modelling Behaviour, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24208-8"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Z., Figueiredo, S.C., \u00c7opuro\u011flu, O., Veer, F., and Schlangen, E. (2019). Limestone and Calcined Clay-Based Sustainable Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: A Fundamental Study of Extrudability and Early-Age Strength Development. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091809"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J., and Salet, T.A. (2020). Effect of Limestone Powder Substitution on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Mortar. Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J., and Salet, T.A. (2020). Effect of Cement Type and Limestone Powder Content on Extrudability of Lightweight Concrete. Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.04.001","article-title":"LCA allocation procedure used as an incitative method for waste recycling: An application to mineral additions in concrete","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.032","article-title":"Influence of active crack width control on the chloride penetration resistance and global warming potential of slabs made with fly ash + silica fume concrete","volume":"67","author":"Maes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"ACI (2018). EcoConcrete Calculation Tool, ACI. Available online: https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/students\/studentcompetitions\/ecoconcretecompetition.aspx."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Bistyp (2020). Informative Price List of Building Materials. Estimated Labor and Equipment Rental Rates, Wolters Kluwer. 1st Quarter of the Year."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"eBistyp On-Line (2020, April 05). Informative Price List of Building Materials. Estimated Labor and Equipment Rental Rates. Available online: borg.wolterskluwer.pl."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2020, June 30). Narodowy Bank Polski (The Central Bank of the Republic of Poland)\u2014Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.nbp.pl\/homen.aspx?f=\/kursy\/ratesa.html."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/23\/6351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:40:18Z","timestamp":1760179218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/23\/6351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["en13236351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13236351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}}}