{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:25:43Z","timestamp":1776075943984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA)","award":["EMMAT(PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMMAT(PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared thermography (IRT) has become a commonly applied non-destructive testing method for assessing building envelopes. Like any diagnosis tool, IRT requires an appropriate experience and principle understanding, mainly when the method is used for quantitative analyses. The challenges of the IRT often deal with the dynamic properties of building partitions. Climatic conditions have a certain variability, and the accumulated energy storage in the building components can affect their temperature as well as the calculated thermal performance. This paper aims to analyze how stationary and dynamic regimes of a quantitative IRT test could impact the measured thermal transmittance of heavy multi-leaf walls. Investigation in two European countries with different climatic conditions are reported. In this way, it is discussed which boundary conditions should be guaranteed to provide reliable information about a building envelope using quantitative IRT. In order to check the quality of the measurements, the heat flux meter (HFM) method was also implemented, following the ISO 9869. The research revealed that it could be possible to use short-lasting tests in the climatic conditions of Southern Europe, while long-term tests should be implemented in Northern European countries where climatic conditions are less regular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13246611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T09:12:57Z","timestamp":1608023577000},"page":"6611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Stationary and Dynamic Conditions on the U-Value Measurements of Heavy-Multi Leaf Walls by Quantitative IRT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2064-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Tejedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Construction Research and Innovation (GRIC), Department of Project and Construction Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), C\/Colom, 11, Ed. TR5, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, CONSTRUCT-LFC, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Peixoto de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, CONSTRUCT-LFC, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kisilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Design and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nowak-Dzieszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Design and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.09.050","article-title":"Quantification of heat energy losses through the building envelope: A state-of-the-art with critical and comprehensive review on infrared thermography","volume":"146","author":"Nardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.785","article-title":"Different strategies for improving summer thermal comfort in heavyweight traditional buildings","volume":"78","author":"Evola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.031","article-title":"Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings: A review","volume":"82","author":"Lucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"American Society for Testing Materials (2003). ASTM C1060-90. Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings, American Society for Testing Materials."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2015). ISO 6781-3:2015. Performance of Buildings. Detection of Heat, Air and Moisture Irregularities in Buildings by Infrared Methods\u2014Part 3: Qualifications of Equipment Operators, Data Analysts and Report Writers, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (1998). UNE EN 13187:1998. Thermal Performance of Buildings. Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes. Infrared Method, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2018). ISO 9869-2: 2018 Thermal Insulation\u2014Building Elements\u2014In-Situ Measurements of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance. Part 2: Infrared Method for Frame Structures Dwelling, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2014). ISO 9869-1:2014 Thermal Insulation. Building Elements. In\u2013Situ Measurement of Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance. Part 1: Heat Flow Meter Method, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.08.072","article-title":"A comparison of standardized calculation methods for in situ measurements of fa\u00e7ades U-value","volume":"130","author":"Gaspar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kisilewicz, T. (2010, January 13\u201315). Thermal resistance of a wall determined in non-stationary boundary conditions. Proceedings of the 1st Central European Symposium on Building Physics, Research on Building Physics, Krak\u00f3w-\u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2017). ISO 13786: 2017. Thermal Performance of Building Components\u2014Dynamic Thermal Characteristics\u2014Calculation Methods, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"413","article-title":"Problem of the measured R-value error estimation","volume":"39","author":"Kossecka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.09.008","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the influence of convective and radiative heat transfers on thermal transmittance measurements","volume":"78","author":"Evangelisti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2012). UNE EN ISO 6946:2012 (ISO 6946:2007) Building Components and Building Elements. Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance. Calculation Method, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.03.032","article-title":"Influence of heating systems on thermal transmittance evaluations: Simulations, experimental measurements and data post-processing","volume":"168","author":"Evangelisti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.08.064","article-title":"A comparative assessment of the standardized methods for the in\u2013situ measurement of the thermal resistance of building walls","volume":"154","author":"Atsonios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.033","article-title":"Estimation of the surface thermal resistances and heat loss by conduction using thermography","volume":"114","author":"Marino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisilewicz, T., and Wr\u00f3bel, A. (2010, January 24\u201329). Quantitative infrared wall inspection. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography, Quebec, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.21611\/qirt.2010.065"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.08.049","article-title":"Definition of an experimental procedure with the hot box method for the thermal performance evaluation of inhomogeneous walls","volume":"179","author":"Lucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.06.040","article-title":"Quantitative internal infrared thermography for determining in-situ thermal behaviour of fa\u00e7ades","volume":"151","author":"Tejedor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.07.010","article-title":"Infrared thermovision technique for the assessment of thermal transmittance value of opaque building elements on site","volume":"42","author":"Albatici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.05.014","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography for the determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient (U-Value) in building envelopes","volume":"88","author":"Fokaides","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.3390\/en6083859","article-title":"Infrared Screening of Residential Buildings for Energy Audit Purposes: Results of a Field Test","volume":"6","author":"Sarto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardi, I., Sfarra, S., and Ambrosini, D. (2014). Quantitative thermography for the estimation of the U-value: State of the art and a case. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 547.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/547\/1\/012016"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielski, I., and Fr\u00f6ling, M. (2018). In-situ measurements of thermal properties of building fabrics using thermography under non-steady state heat flow conditions. Infrastructures, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures3030020"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.12.016","article-title":"Review of in situ methods for assessing the thermal transmittance of walls","volume":"102","author":"Moyano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.12.054","article-title":"A quantitative methodology to evaluate thermal bridges in buildings","volume":"97","author":"Asdrubali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.06.071","article-title":"U-value in situ measurement for energy diagnosis of existing buildings","volume":"104","author":"Ficco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"012006","article-title":"Validation of quantitative IR thermography for estimating the U-value by a hot box apparatus","volume":"655","author":"Nardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physics: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"012007","article-title":"A comparison between thermographic and flow-meter methods for the evaluation of thermal transmittance of different wall constructions","volume":"655","author":"Nardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physics: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.04.017","article-title":"U-value assessment by infrared thermography: A comparison of different calculation methods in a Guarded Hot Box","volume":"122","author":"Nardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.04.011","article-title":"Assessing the influence of operating conditions and thermophysical properties on the accuracy of in-situ measured U -values using quantitative internal infrared thermography","volume":"171","author":"Tejedor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.05.001","article-title":"U-value time series analyses: Evaluating the feasibility of in-situ short-lasting IRT tests for heavy multi-leaf walls","volume":"159","author":"Tejedor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110176","article-title":"Thermographic 2D U-value map for quantifying thermal bridges in building fa\u00e7ades","volume":"224","author":"Tejedor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (1998). UNE EN 1934:1998 Thermal Performance of Buildings\u2014Determination of Thermal Resistance by Hot Box Method Using Heat Flow\u2014Masonry, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.07.002","article-title":"Thermal transmittance of historical stone masonries: A comparison among standard, calculated and measured data","volume":"151","author":"Lucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.03.066","article-title":"Effects of individual climatic parameters on the infrared thermography of buildings","volume":"110","author":"Lehmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.12.186","article-title":"Diagnosis of Buildings\u2019 Thermal Performance\u2014A Quantitative Method Using Thermography Under Non-steady State Heat Flow","volume":"83","author":"Danielski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.07.055","article-title":"Infrared thermography for the investigation of dynamic thermal behaviour of opaque building elements: Comparison between empty and filled with hemp fibres prototype walls","volume":"152","author":"Aversa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2012). 2012. UNE EN ISO 10456:2012 Building Materials and Products\u2014Hygrothermal Properties\u2014Tabulated Design Values and Procedures for Determining Declared and Design Thermal Values, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"AVIO Systems (2020, December 14). InfRec Analyzer Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.infrared.avio.co.jp\/en\/support\/thermo\/download\/ns9500lt-dl\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"FLIR Systems (2020, December 14). FLIR TOOLS+ Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.flir.com\/products\/flir-tools\/."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"53","article-title":"Evaluating in situ thermal transmittance of green buildings masonries: A case study","volume":"1","author":"Asdrubali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"RESNET\u2014Residential Energy Services Network (2020, October 20). RESNET Interim Guideline for Thermographic Inspections of Buildings. Available online: http:\/\/www.resnet.us\/standards\/RESNET_IR_interim_guidelines.pdf."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/24\/6611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:09Z","timestamp":1760179509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/24\/6611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["en13246611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13246611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}