{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:24:13Z","timestamp":1774895053729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141196\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141196\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141276\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141276\/2018-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04111\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04111\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During satellite development, engineers need to simulate and understand the satellite\u2019s behavior in orbit and minimize failures or inadequate satellite operation. In this sense, one crucial assessment is the irradiance field, which impacts, for example, the power generation through the photovoltaic cells, as well as rules the satellite\u2019s thermal conditions. This good practice is also valid for CubeSat projects. This paper presents a numerical tool to explore typical irradiation scenarios for CubeSat missions by combining state-of-the-art models. Such a tool can provide the input estimation for software and hardware in the loop analysis for a given initial condition and predict it along with the satellite\u2019s lifespan. Three main models will be considered to estimate the irradiation flux over a CubeSat, namely an orbit, an attitude, and a radiation source model, including solar, albedo, and infrared emitted by the Earth. A case study illustrating the tool\u2019s abilities is presented for a typical CubeSats\u2019 two-line element set (TLE) and five attitudes. Finally, a possible application of the tool as an input to a CubeSat task-scheduling is introduced. The results show that the complete model\u2019s use has considerable differences from the simplified models sometimes used in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en13246691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1608291729000},"page":"6691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Irradiation Flux Modelling for Thermal\u2013Electrical Simulation of CubeSats: Orbit, Attitude and Radiation Integration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edemar Morsch","family":"Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laio Oriel","family":"Seman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Computer Science, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed 88302-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1843-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezar Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Rigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente de Paulo","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal Garc\u00eda","family":"Ovejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab., E.T.S.I.I of B\u00e9jar, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis Quietinho","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resources Valorization, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dida, A.H., and Bekhti, M. (2017, January 5\u20138). Study, modeling and simulation of the electrical characteristic of space satellite solar cells. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRERA.2017.8191205"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Langer, M., and Bouwmeester, J. (2016, January 6\u201311). Reliability of CubeSats-Statistical Data, Developers\u2019 Beliefs and the Way Forward. Proceedings of the 2016 30th Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites, SSC16-X-2, Logan, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ESA\/ESTEC (2020, December 03). Product and Quality Assurance Requirements for In-Orbit Demonstration CubeSat Projects. Available online: http:\/\/emits.sso.esa.int\/emits-doc\/ESTEC\/AO8352_AD2_IOD_CubeSat_PQA_Reqts_Iss1_Rev1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2020.11.016","article-title":"Task scheduling for optimal power management and quality-of-service assurance in CubeSats","volume":"179","author":"Rigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, M., Hirokazu, M., and Graziani, F. (2015, January 16\u201319). Introduction to lean satellite and ISO standard for lean satellite. Proceedings of the 2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2015.7208447"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, A., Coelho, R., Nugent, R., Munakata, R., and Puig-Suari, J. (2008, January 9\u201311). CubeSat: The pico-satellite standard for research and education. Proceedings of the AIAA Space 2008 Conference & Exposition, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-7734"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140208","article-title":"Experimental feasibility study of concentrating photovoltaic power system for cubesat applications","volume":"51","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.4805261","article-title":"Direct Energy Transfer for High Efficiency Photovoltaic Energy Systems Part I: Concepts and Hypothesis","volume":"45","author":"Dehbonei","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2793158","article-title":"Energy Storage Technologies for Small Satellite Applications","volume":"106","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Qiao, L., Rizos, C., and Dempster, A.G. (2012, January 24\u201326). Analysis and comparison of CubeSat lifetime. Proceedings of the 12th Australian Space Conference, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knap, V., Vestergaard, L.K., and Stroe, D.I. (2020). A Review of Battery Technology in CubeSats and Small Satellite Solutions. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164097"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2958161","article-title":"Battery Management System With State-of-Charge and Opportunistic State-of-Health for a Miniaturized Satellite","volume":"56","author":"Aung","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114859","article-title":"A comprehensive attitude formulation with spin for numerical model of irradiance for CubeSats and Picosats","volume":"168","author":"Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2015.05.012","article-title":"Thermal design and analysis of a nanosatellite in low earth orbit","volume":"115","author":"Corpino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.113908","article-title":"Analytical and numerical models for thermal related design of a new pico-satellite","volume":"159","author":"Bonnici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claricoats, J., and Dakka, S.M. (2018). Design of Power, Propulsion, and Thermal Sub-Systems for a 3U CubeSat Measuring Earth\u2019s Radiation Imbalance. Aerospace, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace5020063"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.020","article-title":"Thermal analysis of the SMOG-1 PocketQube satellite","volume":"139","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkins, E.M., Kanapskyte, A., and Maria, S.R.S. (2020). Developing Technologies for Biological Experiments in Deep Space. Proceedings, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/IECB2020-07085"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Aguado, M.F., Ghassemieh, S., Van Outryve, C., Beasley, C., and Schooley, A. (2009, January 7\u201314). Small Class-D spacecraft thermal design, test and analysis\u2014PharmaSat biological experiment. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2009.4839352"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S.A., and Yamaguchi, E. (2019). Comparison of Solar Radiation Torque and Power Generation of Deployable Solar Panel Configurations on Nanosatellites. Aerospace, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace6050050"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piedra, S., Torres, M., and Ledesma, S. (2019). Thermal Numerical Analysis of the Primary Composite Structure of a CubeSat. Aerospace, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace6090097"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03546208","article-title":"Satellite dynamics about small bodies: Averaged solar radiation pressure effects","volume":"47","author":"Scheeres","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2020.9085277","article-title":"A Critical Embedded System Challenge: The FloripaSat-1 Mission","volume":"18","author":"Marcelino","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.03.052","article-title":"Energy-driven scheduling algorithm for nanosatellite energy harvesting maximization","volume":"147","author":"Slongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130370","article-title":"Verification of a CubeSat via hardware-in-the-loop simulation","volume":"50","author":"Corpino","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiesbye, J., Messmann, D., Preisinger, M., Reina, G., Nagy, D., Schummer, F., Mostad, M., Kale, T., and Langer, M. (2019). Hardware-In-The-Loop and Software-In-The-Loop Testing of the MOVE-II CubeSat. Aerospace, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace6120130"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.06.038","article-title":"Dynamic system simulation of small satellite projects","volume":"67","author":"Raif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilmore, D., and Donabedian, M. (2002). Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook: Fundamental Technologies, Aerospace Press. Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook.","DOI":"10.2514\/4.989117"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD030559","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030559","article-title":"Fine-Scale Variability of Observed and Simulated Surface Albedo Over the Southern Great Plains","volume":"125","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.007","article-title":"An empirical anisotropy correction model for estimating land surface albedo for radiation budget studies","volume":"113","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"NASA (1971). Earth Albedo and Emitted Radiation."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenyon, S., Pacino, M.C., and Marti, U. (2012). Impact of Albedo Radiation on GPS Satellites. Geodesy for Planet Earth, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20338-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.014","article-title":"Assessing the coupling between surface albedo derived from MODIS and the fraction of diffuse skylight over spatially-characterized landscapes","volume":"114","author":"Schaaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012580","article-title":"Earthshine observations of the Earth\u2019s reflectance","volume":"28","author":"Goode","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.046","article-title":"Effects of spectral albedo on solar photovoltaic devices","volume":"124","author":"Brennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-020-1230-5","article-title":"Thermal Analysis and Validation of GF-4 Remote Sensing Camera","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/10407782.2020.1713634","article-title":"Numerical investigation on the thermal performance of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer main radiators under the operation of International Space Station","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Numer. Heat Transf. Part A Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114651","article-title":"Thermal modeling of CIIIASat nanosatellite: A tool for thermal barrier coating selection","volume":"166","author":"Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Haneveer, M.R. (2017). Orbital Lifetime Predictions: An assessment of Model-Based Ballistic Coefficient Estimations and Adjustment for Temporal Drag Coefficient Variations. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, H.D. (2014). Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students, Butterworth-Heinemann. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097747-8.00006-2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capderou, M. (2014). Handbook of Satellite Orbits: From Kepler to GPS, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03416-4"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"McClain, W., and Vallado, D. (2001). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications, Springer. Space Technology Library."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Atallah, A.M.I. (2018). A Implementation and Verification of a High-Precision Orbit Propagator. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Cairo University]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.10.005","article-title":"A Critical Assessment of Satellite Drag and Atmospheric Density Modeling","volume":"95","author":"Vallado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JA009430","article-title":"NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues","volume":"107","author":"Picone","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2017.03.030","article-title":"Thermal design and validation of radiation detector for the ChubuSat-2 micro-satellite with high-thermal-conductive graphite sheets","volume":"136","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2514\/1.T5169","article-title":"CubeSat On-Orbit Temperature Comparison to Thermal-Balance-Tuned-Model Predictions","volume":"32","author":"Mason","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thermophys. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"324","article-title":"Analysis the Unsteady-State Temperature Distribution of Micro-Satellite Under Stabilization Effects","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Hsiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microsatellites as Research Tools"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effects of Some Parameters on Thermal Control of a LEO Satellite","volume":"7","author":"Farhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Space Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2013.01.011","article-title":"Spin-stabilized satellite magnetic attitude control scheme without initial detumbling","volume":"94","author":"Roldugin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.04.002","article-title":"Relative position and attitude estimation for satellite formation with coupled translational and rotational dynamics","volume":"67","author":"Xing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Auret, J., and Steyn, W. (2011, January 3\u20137). Design of an aerodynamic attitude control system for a CubeSat. Proceedings of the 62nd International Astronautical Congress 2011 (IAC 2011) Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Bate, R., Mueller, D., and White, J. (1971). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaub, H., and Junkins, J. (2014). Analytical Mechanics of Space Systems, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Incorporated.","DOI":"10.2514\/4.102400"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7191","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2432107","article-title":"Fault-Tolerant Attitude Stabilization for Satellites Without Rate Sensor","volume":"62","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2014.130204","article-title":"Gain-scheduled extended kalman filter for nanosatellite attitude determination system","volume":"51","author":"Pham","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Richmond, J. (2010). Adaptive Thermal Modeling Architecture For Small Satellite Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics]."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Mahooti, M. (2020, October 10). NRLMSISE00 Atmospheric Density Model. MATLAB Central File Exchange. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/54673-nrlmsise00-atmospheric-density-model."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.12.035","article-title":"Space experimental results of STARS-C CubeSat to verify tether deployment in orbit","volume":"177","author":"Yamagiwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, O.J., Shim, H., Yu, S., Bae, Y., Kee, C., Kim, H., Lee, J., Han, J., Han, S., and Choi, Y. (2020). In-Orbit Results and Attitude Analysis of the SNUGLITE Cube-Satellite. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072507"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.04.040","article-title":"Mastering operational limitations of LEO satellites\u2014The GomX-3 approach","volume":"151","author":"Nies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.01.016","article-title":"Validation of double Langmuir probe in-orbit performance onboard a nano-satellite","volume":"144","author":"Tejumola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.05.053","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of thermoelectric generators for nanosatellites application","volume":"162","author":"Ostrufka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2872","article-title":"Nanosatellite electrical power system architectures: Models, simulations, and tests","volume":"48","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Wertz, J., and Larson, W. (1999). Space Mission Analysis and Design, Springer. Space Technology Library."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rigo, C.A., Seman, L.O., Camponogara, E., Morsch Filho, E., Slongo, L.K., and Bezerra, E.A. (2020, January 28\u201331). Mission plan optimization strategy to improve nanosatellite energy utilization and tasks QoS capabilities. Proceedings of the IV IAA Latin American Cubesat Workshop (IAA-LACW\u20192020), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization, LCC (2020, September 10). Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.gurobi.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/hd_documentations\/documentation\/9.1\/refman.pdf."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/24\/6691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:50Z","timestamp":1760179610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/24\/6691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["en13246691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13246691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}