{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1773986382823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/UIDP\/00134\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAPA 344\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 344\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study presents a methodology for floating wind farms site selection with a Canary Islands case study. The frame combines geographical information systems (GIS) and multiple criteria decision methods (MCDMs). First, the problematic areas for the installation of the turbines are identified through a GIS database application. This tool generates thematic layers representing exclusion criteria. Then, at the second stage of the study, available maritime locations are analyzed and ranked using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), based on technical, economic, and environmental aspects. AHP\u2019s technique guarantee the elimination of the judgment\u2019s subjectivity. The study also compared the solutions of the AHP technique with other methods, such as Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE), ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realit\u00e9 (ELECTRE III), Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Weighted Sum Algorithm (WSA(). The main result of this study is the creation of a realistic and objective overview of floating offshore wind farm site selection and the contribution to minimize the environmental impacts and to reduce the social conflicts between stakeholders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14040865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["A Multi-Criteria Approach to Evaluate Floating Offshore Wind Farms Siting in the Canary Islands (Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Guedes","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sheppard, C. (2000). The Canary Islands. Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation: 1. Regional chapters: Europe, The Americas and West Africa, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2016). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2017). Gobierno de Canarias Anuario Energ\u00e9tico de Canarias 2017."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2017). Gobierno de Canarias Estrategia Energetica de Canarias 2015\u20132025."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.02.050","article-title":"Evaluation of on-shore wind techno-economical potential in regions and islands","volume":"124","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C. (2012). Review of offshore floating wind turbines concepts. Maritime Engineering and Technology, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12726-80"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Santos, L., and D\u00edaz-Casas, V. (2016). Floating Offshore Wind Platforms. Floating Offshore Wind Farms, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27972-5"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018). European Commission SET-Plan Offshore Wind Implementation Plan, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C. (2019). Site selection process for floating offshore wind farms in Madeira Islands. Advances in Renewable Energies Offshore, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies Offshore(RENEW 2018), Lisbon, Portugal, 8\u201310 October 2018, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429505324"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00439","article-title":"Perceptions of commercial and recreational fishers on the potential ecological impacts of the Block Island Wind Farm (US)","volume":"5","author":"Dalton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110328","article-title":"An integrated GIS approach for site selection of floating offshore wind farms in the Atlantic continental European coastline","volume":"134","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salva\u00e7\u00e3o, N., Bernardino, M., and Guedes Soares, C. (2013). Validation of a regional atmospheric model for assessing the offshore wind resources along the Portuguese coast. International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME. ASME Paper OMAE 2013-11631.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2013-11631"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.04.017","article-title":"Assessing mesoscale wind simulations in different environments","volume":"71","author":"Bernardino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C., and Pena, F.L. (2014). Assessing the offshore wind energy potential along the coasts of Portugal and Galicia. Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea Resources, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.12.101","article-title":"Wind resource assessment offshore the Atlantic Iberian coast with the WRF model","volume":"145","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.08.005","article-title":"An offshore wind atlas for the Canary Islands","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X17716947","article-title":"Assessment of the potential for developing combined wind-wave projects in the European nearshore","volume":"28","author":"Onea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.08.020","article-title":"Wave and offshore wind potential for the island of Tenerife","volume":"76","author":"Veigas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"30","article-title":"Assessment of three wind reanalyses in the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oper. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.03.008","article-title":"Numerical evaluation of the wave energy resource along the Atlantic European coast","volume":"71","author":"Bento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.03.017","article-title":"Assessment of wave energy in the Canary Islands","volume":"68","author":"Martinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.01.011","article-title":"Wave energy assessment based on a 33-year hindcast for the Canary Islands","volume":"152","author":"Martinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes Soares, C. (2016). Wave energy potential assessment along the west coast of Fuerteventura. Progress in Renewable Energies Offshore, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315229256"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2019.1618393","article-title":"GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for offshore wind turbine deployment in Hong Kong","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.01.018","article-title":"Multi-criteria selection of offshore wind farms: Case study for the Baltic States","volume":"103","author":"Chaouachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"235","article-title":"A multicriteria approach to evaluate offshore wind farms siting in Greece","volume":"14","author":"Vagiona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Nest J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.161","article-title":"GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of hybrid offshore wind and wave energy systems in Greece","volume":"73","author":"Vasileiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.030","article-title":"A web-based participatory GIS (PGIS) for offshore wind farm suitability within Lake Erie, Ohio","volume":"41","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Crist\u00f3bal Mateo, J.R. (2012). Multi-Criteria Analisys in the Renewable Energy Industry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2346-0"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziemba, P., W\u0105tr\u00f3bski, J., Zio\u0142o, M., and Karczmarczyk, A. (2017). Using the PROSA method in offshore wind farm location problems. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10111755"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vagiona, D.G., and Kamilakis, M. (2018). Sustainable site selection for offshore wind farms in the South Aegean-Greece. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030749"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.01.020","article-title":"Study of decision framework of offshore wind power station site selection based on ELECTRE-III under intuitionistic fuzzy environment: A case of China","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.02.005","article-title":"A novel hybrid MCDM approach for offshore wind farm site selection: A case study of Iran","volume":"109","author":"Fetanat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.10.020","article-title":"Sustainable siting process in large wind farms case study in Crete","volume":"75","author":"Tsoutsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"La autorizaci\u00f3n de parques e\u00f3licos marinos en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Catalana Dret Ambient."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2014). The Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, White Paper on Offshore Wind Energy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-1481(00)00169-5","article-title":"Developing and applying a GIS-assisted approach to locating wind farms in the UK","volume":"24","author":"Baban","year":"2001","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.021","article-title":"Multi criteria decision analysis for offshore wind energy potential in Egypt","volume":"118","author":"Mahdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2018, July 31). Python Software Foundation Python Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2018, July 31). ARCWIND Project ARCWIND Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.arcwind.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90473-8","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used","volume":"9","author":"Saaty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"37","article-title":"Application of AHP Method in Determining Priorities of Conversion of Unusedland to Food Land in Minahasa Tenggara","volume":"89","author":"Setiawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488506004114","article-title":"Consistency in the analytic hierarchy process: A new approach","volume":"14","author":"Alonso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(86)90044-5","article-title":"How to select and how to rank projects: The PROMETHEE method","volume":"24","author":"Brans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"57","article-title":"Classement et choix en pr\u00e9sence de points de vue multiples","volume":"2","author":"Roy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rev. Fran\u00e7aise D\u2019informatique Rech. Op\u00e9rationnelle"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, C.L., and Masud, A.S.M. (1979). Multiple Objective Decision Making\u2014Methods and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45511-7"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Corporation, T.R. (1968). Decision Making among Multiple-Attribute Alternatives: A Survey and Consolidates Approach, The Rand Corporation."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Florian\u00f3polis Insular (2001). Decision Support: Methodology for Structuring Problems and Multicriteria Evaluation of Alternatives, Insular. (In Portuguese)."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/4\/865\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1760160058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/4\/865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["en14040865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14040865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]}}}