{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:50:15Z","timestamp":1775479815806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The worldwide consumption of fossil hydrocarbons in the road transport sector in 2020 corresponded to roughly half of the overall consumption. However, biofuels have been discreetly contributing to mitigate gaseous emissions and participating in sustainable development, and thus leading to the extending of the commercial utilization of internal combustion engines. In this scenario, the present work aims at exploring the effects of alternative fuels containing a blend of 15% ethanol and 35% biodiesel with a 50% fossil diesel (E15D50B35) or 50% Fischer\u2013Tropsch (F-T) diesel (E15FTD50B35) on the engine combustion, exhaust emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), particulate emissions characteristics as well as the performance of an aftertreatment system of a common rail diesel engine. It was found that one of the blends (E15FTD50B35) showed more than 30% reduction in PM concentration number, more than 25% reduction in mean particle size, and more than 85% reduction in total PM mass with respect to conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, it was found that the E15FTD50B35 blend reduces gaseous emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC) by more than 25% and NO by 3.8%. The oxidation catalyst was effective in carbonaceous emissions reduction, despite the catalyst light-off being slightly delayed in comparison to diesel fuel blends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14061538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T13:27:20Z","timestamp":1615382840000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Comparative Study of Biofuels and Fischer\u2013Tropsch Diesel Blends on the Engine Combustion Performance for Reducing Exhaust Gaseous and Particulate Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Andrade Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Brazil"},{"name":"Center of Exact and Technological Sciences, Department of Mechanical Systems, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3301-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Doustdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Martin","family":"Herreros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Runzhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0929-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tsolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2163-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio A. B.","family":"Vieira de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Brazil"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center in Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2020, October 21). World Oil Final Consumption by Sector. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/key-world-energy-statistics-2020\/final-consumption."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.076","article-title":"Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?","volume":"225","author":"Kalghatgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117227","article-title":"Action areas and the need for research in biofuels","volume":"268","author":"Unglert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.082","article-title":"System based on thermal control of the HCCI technology developed for reduction of the vehicle NOX emissions in order to fulfil the future standard Euro 7","volume":"643","author":"Kopas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.138","article-title":"An overview on the light alcohol fuels in diesel engines","volume":"236","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2015.08.010","article-title":"Combustion characteristics, performance and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled by B7-ethanol blends","volume":"139","author":"Valente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106477","article-title":"Maximizing paraffin to olefin ratio employing simulated nitrogen-rich syngas via Fischer-Tropsch process over Co3O4\/SiO2 catalysts","volume":"208","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2019.04.006","article-title":"A critical review of the impact of water on cobalt-based catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis","volume":"192","author":"Moyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2017.03.019","article-title":"Assessing the predictions of a NO x kinetic mechanism on recent hydrogen and syngas experimental data","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.11.758","article-title":"Comparative Study of Biodiesel, GTL Fuel and Their Blends in Context of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission","volume":"90","author":"Sajjad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.05.013","article-title":"Potential for reducing emissions in a diesel engine by fuelling with conventional biodiesel and Fischer\u2013Tropsch diesel","volume":"89","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.02.037","article-title":"Influence of gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel in the blends of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and diesel: An analysis of combustion\u2013performance\u2013emission characteristics","volume":"97","author":"Sajjad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.09.047","article-title":"Reactivity controlled compression ignition and low temperature combustion of Fischer-Tropsch Fuel Blended with n-butanol","volume":"134","author":"Soloiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.08.055","article-title":"Molecular interactions in blends of alcohols with diesel fuels: Effect on stability and distillation","volume":"139","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Influence of F-T Diesel\/Methanol Micro-Emulsified Fuels on Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Intern. Combust. Engine Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Wang, T., Qiao, J., Gao, J., Feng, Y., and Sun, D. (2017). Influence of the Methanol Proportion on the Combustion Characteristics of Methanol-Biodiesel -F-T Diesel Blended Fuel. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-2335"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.01.107","article-title":"Comparison of combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and methanol-Fischer-Tropsch diesel-biodiesel-diesel blends at various altitudes","volume":"243","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Tsolakis, A., Theinnoi, K., Snowball, J., Sawtell, A., and York, A.P.E. (2009). Engine Performance and Emissions from Dual Fuelled Engine with In-Cylinder Injected Diesel Fuels and In-Port Injected Bioethanol. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-01-1853"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2012.663982","article-title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of F-T\/Biodiesel\/Bioethanol Surrogate Fuel Oxidation in Jet-Stirred Reactor","volume":"184","author":"Pidol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.09.008","article-title":"Ethanol\u2013biodiesel\u2013Diesel fuel blends: Performances and emissions in conventional Diesel and advanced Low Temperature Combustions","volume":"93","author":"Pidol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J., and Brito, F.P. (2020). Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164086"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.079","article-title":"Influence of alternative fuels on combustion and characteristics of particulate matter morphology in a compression ignition diesel engine","volume":"149","author":"Fayad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11967","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02447","article-title":"Role of Alternative Fuels on Particulate Matter (PM) Characteristics and Influence of the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst","volume":"49","author":"Fayad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.02.075","article-title":"Extending the environmental benefits of ethanol\u2013diesel blends through DGE incorporation","volume":"146","author":"Herreros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.05.002","article-title":"Interactions between aftertreatment systems architecture and combustion of oxygenated fuels for improved low temperature catalysts activity","volume":"229","author":"Fayad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.076","article-title":"Impact of bio-alcohol fuels combustion on particulate matter morphology from efficient gasoline direct injection engines","volume":"230","author":"Hergueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0894-1777(88)90043-X","article-title":"Describing the uncertainties in experimental results","volume":"1","author":"Moffat","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.01.025","article-title":"Performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine running on diesel-biodiesel-ethanol (DBE) blends\u2014Potential as diesel fuel substitute on an Euro III engine","volume":"136","author":"Pradelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2014.06.004","article-title":"Assessment of the use of oxygenated fuels on emissions and performance of a diesel engine","volume":"117","author":"Guarieiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106406","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets as fuel additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel blend","volume":"204","author":"Chacko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.02.055","article-title":"Experimental investigation of performance, exhaust emission and combustion parameters of stationary compression ignition engine using ethanol fumigation in dual fuel mode","volume":"115","author":"Jamuwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.049","article-title":"Performance and emission assessment of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol\/bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: A review","volume":"48","author":"Shahir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.02.030","article-title":"Investigation on the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends","volume":"83","author":"Tse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2010.09.001","article-title":"Combustion characteristics and emissions of Fischer\u2013Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines","volume":"37","author":"Gill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.10.083","article-title":"Effects of using ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel in single cylinder diesel engine to engine performance and emissions","volume":"103","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.07.011","article-title":"Performance and emission characteristics of an CI engine fueled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013bioethanol blends","volume":"89","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.07.090","article-title":"Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier-4 turbo-charged diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends","volume":"180","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M., Tafreshi, R., Mokahal, A.J., Mohamed, M.T., Hanbal, M.Y., and Elturk, J. (2016). Single Cylinder GTL ENGINE: An Experimental Comparison between Traditional Diesel and GTL Diesel on Single Cylinder Engine. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-01-1262"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.11.022","article-title":"Blending lignin-derived oxygenate in enhanced multi-component diesel fuel for improved emissions","volume":"116","author":"Herreros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.01.024","article-title":"Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with ethanol\u2013biodiesel blends","volume":"90","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1021\/ef070060r","article-title":"The role of additives for diesel and diesel blended (ethanol or biodiesel) fuels: A review","volume":"21","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.08.046","article-title":"Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel-biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol-biodiesel-diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction","volume":"53","author":"Mofijur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.01.123","article-title":"A comprehensive study on measurement and prediction of viscosity of biodiesel-diesel-alcohol ternary blends","volume":"148","author":"Bilgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamrozik, A., Tutak, W., Gnatowska, R., and Nowak, \u0141. (2019). Comparative analysis of the combustion stability of diesel-methanol and diesel-ethanol in a dual fuel engine. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12060971"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.01.023","article-title":"Pollutant emissions from New European Driving Cycle with ethanol and butanol diesel blends","volume":"122","author":"Armas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.06.022","article-title":"Effect of biodiesel\u2013butanol fuel blends on emissions and performance characteristics of a diesel engine","volume":"135","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, M., Torres, F., Ferreira, V., Silva, J., Martins, J., and Torres, E. (2020). Effects of Diethyl Ether Introduction in Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153787"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.08.009","article-title":"Impact of aromaticity and cetane number on the soot-NOx trade-off in conventional and low temperature combustion","volume":"186","author":"Reijnders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2018.01.002","article-title":"Modeling nitrogen chemistry in combustion","volume":"67","author":"Glarborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2020.10.011","article-title":"Multidimensional simulations of Mckenna-driven flow tube configuration: Investigating non-ideality in NOx formation flow tube experiments","volume":"223","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-1286","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Pt-Pd Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Model","volume":"5","author":"Watling","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Engines"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low temperature CO oxidation over iron oxide nanoparticles decorating internal structures of a mesoporous alumina","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2011.10.003","article-title":"Catalyst \u2018light-off\u2019 experiments on a diesel oxidation catalyst connected to a diesel engine\u2014Methodology and techniques","volume":"90","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.20659","article-title":"Competitive no, co and hydrocarbon oxidation reactions over a diesel oxidation catalyst","volume":"90","author":"Hayes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-011-0714-z","article-title":"NO oxidation inhibition by hydrocarbons over a diesel oxidation catalyst: Reaction between surface nitrates and hydrocarbons","volume":"141","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1021\/es4051499","article-title":"Reduction of low temperature engine pollutants by understanding the exhaust species interactions in a diesel oxidation catalyst","volume":"48","author":"Lefort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.01.037","article-title":"Effect of ethanol blending with biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a CI engine","volume":"30","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-3373(00)00110-7","article-title":"The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxidation of four C6 to C8 hydrocarbons over platinum, palladium and rhodium","volume":"26","author":"Patterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.12.047","article-title":"Aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur based catalyst deactivation for selective catalytic reduction of NOx","volume":"164","author":"Demidyuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2009.08.022","article-title":"Effect of hydrocarbon species on no oxidation over diesel oxidation catalysts","volume":"92","author":"Irani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2011.12.002","article-title":"Mechanistic investigation of ethanol SCR of NOx over Ag\/Al2O3","volume":"184","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116665","article-title":"Particulate emission and physical properties of particulate matter emitted from a diesel engine fueled with ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) in blended and fumigation modes","volume":"263","author":"Ghadikolaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukjit, E., Herreros, J.M., Dearn, K., and Tsolakis, A. (2014). Improving Ethanol-Diesel Blend Through the Use of Hydroxylated Biodiesel. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-01-2776"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820902718078","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Biodiesel-Diesel and Ethanol-Diesel on the Particulate Emissions of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine","volume":"43","author":"Di","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820300970","article-title":"Diesel particle size distribution estimation from digital image analysis","volume":"37","author":"Lapuerta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.10.097","article-title":"Effects of oxygenated fuel blends on the composition of size-segregated engine-out diesel particulate emissions and on the toxicity of quasi-ultrafine particles","volume":"215","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performances, Emissions and Soot Properties from a Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blend Fuelled Engine","volume":"1","author":"Tse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Automob. Eng."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/6\/1538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1760160821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/6\/1538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en14061538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14061538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]}}}