{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T03:24:23Z","timestamp":1771125863109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article considers the ideal storage conditions for multiple vaccine brands, such as Pfizer, Moderna, CoronaVac, Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and Sputnik V. Refrigerant fluid options for each storage condition, thermal load to cool each type of vaccine and environmental impacts of refrigerants are compared. An energy simulation using the EUED (energy usage effectiveness design) index was developed. The Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and CoronaVac vaccines show 9.34-times higher energy efficiency than Pfizer. In addition, a TEWI (total equivalent warming impact) simulation was developed that prioritizes direct environmental impacts and indirect in refrigeration. From this analysis, it is concluded that the cold storage of Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and CoronaVac vaccines in Brazil generates 35-times less environmental impact than the Pfizer vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14071849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"1849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Refrigeration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Ideal Storage Characteristics, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impacts of Various Vaccine Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandre F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"FAPRO\u2014Professional College, Curitiba 80230-040, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro D.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"C-MAST\u2014Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Heraldo J. L.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAPRO\u2014Professional College, Curitiba 80230-040, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ABRAVA (2021). Revista ABRAVA+Climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o & Refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o. Editora Novat\u00e9cnica, ABRAVA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledford, H. (2020). Moderna COVID vaccine becomes second to get US authorization. Nature.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03593-7"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kaoru, T., and Fernandes, D. (2021, January 17). Anvisa Approves Emergency Use of Oxford and Coronavac Vaccine, Available online: https:\/\/www.cnnbrasil.com.br\/saude\/2021\/01\/17\/votos-anvisa-vacina-coronavac-oxford."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gamba, L. (2021, February 09). Argentina 1st Latin American Nation to OK Sputnik Vaccine. Plane Expected to Bring 300,000 Doses of Vaccine to Country Thursday. 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