{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:01:55Z","timestamp":1768402915969,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-NC-252886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-NC-252886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF)","award":["VINIF.2020.ThS.47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VINIF.2020.ThS.47"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) including batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are a trendy research topic in the electric vehicle (EV) context with the expectation of optimizing the vehicle performance and battery lifespan. Active and semi-active HESSs need to be managed by energy management strategies (EMSs), which should be realized on real-time onboard platforms. A widely used approach is the filter-based EMS thanks to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, one question that always arises with these algorithms is how to determine the appropriate constant cut-off frequency. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposed three adaptive schemes for the filtering strategies based on the SC \u201cability\u201d and evaluated their performance during the vehicle operation via an intensive comparative study. Offline simulation and experimental validation using signal hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation showed that the proposed adaptive filtering EMS can reduce the battery rms current considerably. Specifically, the SC-energy-based, SOC-based, and voltage-based algorithms minimized the battery rms by up to 69%, 66%, and 64%, respectively, when compared to a pure battery EV in a fluctuating driving condition such as the urban Artemis cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14123373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T12:08:55Z","timestamp":1623154135000},"page":"3373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Comparative Study of Adaptive Filtering Strategies for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hoai-Linh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CTI Laboratory for EVs, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1916-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u1ea3o-Huy","family":"Nguy\u1ec5n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTI Laboratory for EVs, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"},{"name":"e-TESC Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2577-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh","family":"Vo-Duy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTI Laboratory for EVs, School of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro F.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-TESC Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"INESC Coimbra, DEEC, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, IPC-ISEC, DEE, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.05.040","article-title":"A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications","volume":"241","author":"Deguilhem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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