{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:25:57Z","timestamp":1776335157925,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SOE2\/P1\/E0677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOE2\/P1\/E0677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2018 revision of the European Performance Building Directive (EPBD) requires that from the year 2020 onwards, all new buildings will have to be \u201cnearly zero energy buildings\u201d. It also further promotes smart building technologies, raising awareness amongst building owners and occupants of the value behind building automation. The European Commission also identified, in 2011, Key Enabling Technologies (KETs), which provide the basis for innovation in the EU. In the frame of the SUDOKET project, the Solar XXI building was used as a pilot case, as innovative integrated solutions and technologies are monitored and controlled. The objective of this paper is to validate a simulation of the laboratorial test room in EnergyPlus with data obtained experimentally and determine the impact of the control systems on energy needs and on thermal comfort. Two systems, in particular, were studied: the Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and the earth tubes. Once validated, the simulation of the test room without the systems was created, allowing their impact to be determined. The results show that, for the analysed periods, BIPVs reduced the heating consumption by 22% while also increasing thermal comfort, and the earth tube system would reduce the cooling needs by 97%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1630925952000},"page":"5524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Use of Key Enabling Technologies in the Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Monitoring, Control and Intelligent Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Marco","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9140-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Aelenei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Fac\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1007-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Aelenei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Technology and Systems\/UNINOVA, FCT Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Murta","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Technology and Systems\/UNINOVA, FCT Campus, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 23). New Rules for Greener and Smarter Buildings Will Increase Quality of Life for All Europeans. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/news\/new-rules-greener-and-smarter-buildings-will-increase-quality-life-all-europeans-2019-apr-15_en."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Parliament (2021, February 26). Directive 2010\/31\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings, Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2010\/31\/oj."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.195","article-title":"New Challenge of the Public Buildings: nZEB Findings from IEE RePublic_ZEB Project","volume":"78","author":"Aelenei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.197","article-title":"Implementing Cost-optimal Methodology in Existing Public Buildings","volume":"78","author":"Aelenei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). Smart Readiness Indicator for Buildings. Available online: https:\/\/smartreadinessindicator.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, February 26). Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016\/1318. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32016H1318."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 23). Horizon 2020 in Brief. The EU Framework Programme for Research & Innovation. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/programmes\/horizon2020\/sites\/default\/files\/H2020_inBrief_EN_FinalBAT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"SudoKET (2021, July 23). What Are KETs?. Available online: http:\/\/ketpedia.com\/what-are-kets."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.08.018","article-title":"Existing building retrofits: Methodology and state-of-the-art","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102647","article-title":"Conceptualization, development and validation of EMAR: A user-friendly tool for accurate energy simulations of residential buildings via few numerical inputs","volume":"44","author":"Ascione","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.11.011","article-title":"Investigating and analysing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece","volume":"32","author":"Santamouris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.05.050","article-title":"Effectiveness of single and multiple energy retrofit measures on the energy consumption of office buildings","volume":"36","author":"Chidiac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.11.075","article-title":"Predicted vs. actual energy performance of non-domestic buildings: Using post-occupancy evaluation data to reduce the performance gap","volume":"97","author":"Menezes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Turner, C., and Frankel, M. (2008). Energy Performance of LEED\u00ae for New Construction Buildings, New Buildings Institute."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(88)90050-3","article-title":"Household energy behavior in Nordic countries\u2014An unrealized energy saving potential","volume":"13","author":"Owens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.06.025","article-title":"A review of smart building sensing system for better indoor environment control","volume":"199","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1191\/1365782803li064oa","article-title":"Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds","volume":"35","author":"Reinhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"SudoKET (2021, July 23). SUDOKET Project. Available online: http:\/\/en.sudoket.com\/project."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.02.140","article-title":"From Solar Building Design to Net Zero Energy Buildings: Performance Insights of an Office Building","volume":"48","author":"Aelenei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.07.140","article-title":"Investigating the potential for energy flexibility in an office building with a vertical BIPV and a PV roof system","volume":"137","author":"Aelenei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"34","article-title":"Solar XXI: A Portuguese office building towards net zero-energy building","volume":"49","author":"Aelenei","year":"2012","journal-title":"REHVA Eur. HVAC J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Schneider Electric (2021, August 27). Wireless CO2 Sensor with Room Temperature and Humidity for SE8000 Series, Zigbee Communication Protocol. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/product\/SED-CO2-G-5045\/wireless-co2-sensor-with-room-temperature-and-humidity-for-se8000-series%2C-zigbee-communication-protocol\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Schneider Electric (2021, July 23). Argus Presence Master with IR, Relay 2-Gang, Polar White. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/product\/MTN5510-1219\/argus-presence-master-with-ir%2C-relay-2-gang%2C-polar-white\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Schneider Electric (2021, August 27). Roof Top Unit, Heat Pump & Indoor Air Quality Ctrl: BACnet MS\/TP, RH Sensor & Control, White Case\/Fascia. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/product\/SE8650U0B11\/roof-top-unit%2C-heat-pump-%26-indoor-air-quality-ctrl%3A-bacnet-ms-tp%2C-rh-sensor-%26-control%2C-white-case-fascia\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, J.M., Aelenei, L., Sousa, M., Fac\u00e3o, J., and Gon\u00e7alves, H. (2021). Thermal Behavior of a BIPV Combined with Water Storage: An Experimental Analysis. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14092545"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Schneider Electric (2021, August 02). ExoStruxure Power Monitoring Expert. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/product-range\/65404-ecostruxure-power-monitoring-expert\/#overview."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, July 23). Energy Performance of Buildings Concerted Action. CT6 Smart Buildings. Available online: https:\/\/epbd-ca.eu\/topics-teams\/topics\/ct-6-smart-buildings."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Publications Office of the EU (2021, July 23). Final Report on the Technical Support to the Development of a Smart Readiness Indicator for Buildings. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/bed75757-fbb4-11ea-b44f-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Schneider Electric (2021, August 25). EcoStruxure Building Operation. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/product-range\/62111-ecostruxure%E2%84%A2-building-operation\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.05.078","article-title":"Analysis of the energy performance of an Opaque Ventilated Fa\u00e7ade under winter and summer weather conditions","volume":"205","author":"Gagliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Solar Design Tool (2021, July 23). BP BP3160 (160W) Solar Panel. Available online: http:\/\/www.solardesigntool.com\/components\/module-panel-solar\/BP\/3268\/BP3160\/specification-data-sheet.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Aelenei, L., Pereira, R., and Gon\u00e7alves, H. (2013, January 19\u201321). BIPV\/T versus BIPV\/T-PCM: A numerical investigation of advanced system integrated into Solar XXI building fa\u00e7ade. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Storage, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.06.011","article-title":"Optimizing the energy and exergy of building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) systems under cold climatic conditions","volume":"87","author":"Agrawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127906","article-title":"Assessment of the electrical and thermal performances of building integrated bifacial photovoltaic modules","volume":"313","author":"Tina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, H., and Romero, M. (2020). Comportamento t\u00e9rmico de um prot\u00f3tipo BIPV combinado com armazenamento de \u00e1gua: An\u00e1lise experimental, CIES2020: As Energias Renov\u00e1veis na Transi\u00e7\u00e3o Energ\u00e9tica: Livro de Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es do XVII Congresso Ib\u00e9rico e XIII Congresso Ibero-Americano de Energia Solar."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2020.2982117","article-title":"Multilayer Thermal Model for Evaluating the Performances of Monofacial and Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules","volume":"10","author":"Tina","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Photovolt."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, July 29). Edif\u00edcio Solar XXI. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.lneg.pt\/bitstream\/10400.9\/1321\/1\/BrochuraSolarXXI_Dezembro2005.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, August 27). Solar XXI towards Zero Energy. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.lneg.pt\/bitstream\/10400.9\/1322\/1\/BrochuraSolarXXI_Maio2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Amazon (2021, August 27). Generic Rtd Pt100 Temperature Sensor 2M Cable Probe 50 Mm 3 Wires \u221250\u2013400 Degree. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazon.in\/Generic-Pt100-Temperature-Sensor-50-400Degree\/dp\/B07KV34WZK."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2011.03.002","article-title":"Solar XXI building: Proof of concept or a concept to be proved?","volume":"36","author":"Panao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, August 26). Cat\u00e1logo Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Solar. Available online: https:\/\/www.cruzfer.pt\/pdf\/Cat.%20P.%20Solar%202016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ASHRAE (2017). Chapter 9\u2014Thermal Comfort. 2017 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, ASHRAE."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.30.4.313","article-title":"Assessment of man\u2019s thermal comfort in practice","volume":"30","author":"Fanger","year":"1973","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Wikipedia (2021, July 23). ASHRAE 55. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASHRAE_55."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"EnergyPlus (2021, July 23). Available online: https:\/\/www.energyplus.net."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Wikipedia (2021, July 23). SketchUp. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SketchUp."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"BuildUp (2021, July 23). Edif\u00edcio Solar XXI. Available online: https:\/\/www.buildup.eu\/en\/practices\/cases\/edificio-solar-xxi-lisbon-portugal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, K., Aelenei, L., Gomes, M.d.G., and Santos Silva, C. (2020). Performance Assessment of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal System in Mediterranean Climate\u2014A Numerical Simulation Approach. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112887"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Pereira, J.O. (2015). Simula\u00e7\u00e3o Energ\u00e9tica de Pel\u00edculas em Envidra\u00e7ados. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"ASHRAE (2014). ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014: Measurement of Energy Demand and Water Savings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"FEMP (2015). Federal Energy Management Program, M&V Guidelines: Measurement and Verification for Performance-Based Contracts, Version 4.0."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/17\/5524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:21Z","timestamp":1760165781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/17\/5524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["en14175524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14175524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]}}}