{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:31:29Z","timestamp":1772559089124,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007751","name":"AGH University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\"Excellence initiative \u2013 research university\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Excellence initiative \u2013 research university\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, robust and efficient solid waste collection is crucial to motivate citizens to participate in the circular economy by sorting recyclable solid waste. Vocational vehicles, including garbage trucks, contribute significantly to CO2 emissions; therefore, it is strongly recommended, and in the European Union it is mandatory, to replace conventional-fuel-based garbage trucks with electric ones. For providing sustainable and energy-efficient solid waste collection with a heterogeneous fleet, in-depth mathematical computations are needed to support solving complex decision-making problems, including crew rostering and vehicle routing, because the distance and capacity of electric garbage trucks differ from conventional-fuel-based ones. However, the literature on solid waste collection using electric garbage trucks is still relatively scarce. The main contribution of this paper is developing an optimization problem for balancing travel distance assigned to each garbage truck of a heterogeneous fleet. The problem is based on specific requirements of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cracow, Poland, where the working time of routes is balanced and the total time of collection service can be minimized. For the problem, an MIP program was developed to generate optimal crew schedules, so that the hitherto network of segregated solid waste pickup nodes can be served using a heterogeneous fleet in which the share of electric garbage trucks is up to 30%. We study the impact of the changed composition of the fleet on modifications in crew rostering due to the shorter range of an electric vehicle compared to a conventional-fuel-based one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:41:14Z","timestamp":1636317674000},"page":"7406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Recyclables Collection Route Balancing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7964-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gdowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Korcyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.04.528","article-title":"Sustainable landfill design for effective municipal solid waste management for resource and energy recovery","volume":"47","author":"Parameswari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kaur, A., Bharti, R., and Sharma, R. (2021). Municipal solid waste as a source of energy. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125982","article-title":"A review on integrated approaches for municipal solid waste for environmental and economical relevance: Monitoring tools, technologies, and strategic innovations","volume":"342","author":"Kundaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126517","article-title":"Risk management applied to the reverse logistics of solid waste","volume":"296","author":"Abreu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101488","article-title":"The planning of selective collection in a real-life vehicle routing problem: A case in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"47","author":"Franca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.028","article-title":"Interactions of residential waste composition and collection truck compartment design on GIS route optimization","volume":"102","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2019.04.006","article-title":"BIN-CT: Urban waste collection based on predicting the container fill level","volume":"186","author":"Ferrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.08.003","article-title":"Using applied operations research and geographical information systems to evaluate effective factors in storage service of municipal solid waste management systems","volume":"79","author":"Erfani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"83","article-title":"Optymalizacja tras zbi\u00f3rki odpad\u00f3w komunalnych na przyk\u0142adzie MPO Krak\u00f3w \/ Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes on the example of MPO Cracow","volume":"446","author":"Jakubiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pr. Nauk. Uniw. Ekon. Wroc\u0142awiu"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.11.013","article-title":"The Improvement in Collection of Municipal Waste on the Example of a Chosen Municipality","volume":"16","author":"Jakubiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"17","article-title":"A MILP Model for the Municipal Solid Waste Selective Collection Routing Problem","volume":"13","author":"Korcyl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Decis. Mak. Manuf. Serv."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Stajniak, M., Kope\u0107, M., and Adrianna Tobo\u0142a, M.S. (2019). Fleet Optimization for a Selective Solid Waste Collection System. Challanges and Modern Solution in Transportation, Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy Spatium."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106047","article-title":"Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure to design waste collection routes in La Palma","volume":"137","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.07.023","article-title":"Solid Waste Collection Routes Optimization via GIS Techniques in Ipoh City, Malaysia","volume":"77","author":"Malakahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.01.018","article-title":"Vehicle routing for the eco-efficient collection of household plastic waste","volume":"34","author":"Bing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.03.001","article-title":"The smart waste collection routing problem: Alternative operational management approaches","volume":"103","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, September 15). A Clean Planet for All, A European Strategic Long Term Vision for a Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral Economy. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0773&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koiwanit, J., and Hamontree, C. (2020, January 21\u201323). Greenhouse gas emissions comparison of solid waste transportation system: A case study in Thailand. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/424\/1\/012011"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2020.3031072","article-title":"Electrification of Waste Collection Vehicles: Technoeconomic Analysis Based on an Energy Demand Simulation Using Real-Life Operational Data","volume":"7","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowro\u0144ska-Szmer, A., and Kowalska-Pyzalska, A. (2021). Key Factors of Development of Electromobility AMONG Microentrepreneurs: A Case Study from Poland. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14030764"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Polish Parliament (2021, September 15). Ustawa z Dnia 11 Stycznia 2018 r. o Elektromobilno\u015bci i Paliwach Alternatywnych, Available online: http:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000317."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elangovan, R., Kanwhen, O., Dong, Z., Mohamed, A., and Rojas-Cessa, R. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Diesel and Electric Trucks for Food Distribution in Gowanus District of New York City. Front. Big Data, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2021.693820"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"California Air Resources Board (2021, September 15). California Air Resources Board. Battery Electric Truck and Bus Energy Efficiency Compared to Conventional Diesel Vehicles, Available online: https:\/\/ww2.arb.ca.gov\/resources\/documents\/carb-technical-analysis-evcharging-infrastructure-nonresidential-calgreen."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"MSW Management (2021, September 15). Preparing for the Future of Electric Garbage Trucks. Available online: https:\/\/www.mswmanagement.com\/collection\/collection-vehicles\/article\/21213526\/preparing-for-the-future-of-electric-garbage-trucks."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.09.047","article-title":"An ILS-based algorithm to solve a large-scale real heterogeneous fleet VRP with multi-trips and docking constraints","volume":"250","author":"Coelho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2013.0490","article-title":"The Electric Vehicle-Routing Problem with Time Windows and Recharging Stations","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/ro:1999101","article-title":"A heuristic column generation method for the heterogeneous fleet VRP","volume":"33","author":"Taillard","year":"1999","journal-title":"RAIRO Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"204","article-title":"A firefly algorithm for the heterogeneous fixed fleet vehicle routing problem","volume":"33","author":"Matthopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"245","article-title":"Special kind of vehicle routing problem","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dongbei Daxue Xuebao\/J. Northeast. Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4018\/IJAMC.2016100102","article-title":"Quantum Inspired Algorithm for a VRP with Heterogeneous Fleet Mixed Backhauls and Time Windows","volume":"7","author":"Berghida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Metaheuristic Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaewman, S., and Akararungruangkul, R. (2018). Heuristics Algorithms for a Heterogeneous Fleets VRP with Excessive Demand for the Vehicle at the Pickup Points, and the Longest Traveling Time Constraint: A Case Study in Prasitsuksa Songkloe, Ubonratchathani Thailand. Logistics, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics2030015"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Cao, B. (2018). Solving full-vehicle-mode vehicle routing problems using ACO. ICCL 2018: Computational Logistics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00898-7_20"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Baldacci, R., Battarra, M., and Vigo, D. (2008). Routing a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles. The Vehicle Routing Problem: Latest Advances and New Challenges, Springer."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toth, P., and Vigo, D. (2014). Vehicle Routing, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611973594"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Multi Objective Approach to solve Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming","volume":"28","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"205","article-title":"Vehicle Routing Problem: Models and Solutions","volume":"4","author":"Liong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Qual. Meas. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.10.019","article-title":"Capacitated vehicle-routing problem model for scheduled solid waste collection and route optimization using PSO algorithm","volume":"71","author":"Hannan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowakowski, P., Szwarc, K., and Wala, M. (2022). Investigation of the sustainable waste transportation in urban and rural municipalities\u2014Key environmental parameters of the collection vehicles use. Circular Economy and Sustainability, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819817-9.00026-0"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2013.10.006","article-title":"Operations research in solid waste management: A survey of strategic and tactical issues","volume":"44","author":"Ghiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.727","article-title":"Modeling of Workflow in the Grip-Container-Grip System of Body Garbage Trucks","volume":"206","author":"Kargin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobov, N.V., Maltsev, D.V., and Genson, E.M. (2019, January 21\u201323). Improving the process of transport of solid municipal waste by automobile transport. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/632\/1\/012033"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2016.07.057","article-title":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","volume":"35","author":"Soni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in sustainable integrated solid waste management systems: Lessons learned over the decade 2007\u20132018","volume":"13","author":"Asefi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstad Saraiva, A., Souza, R.G., Mahler, C.F., and Valle, R.A. (2018). Consequential lifecycle modelling of solid waste management systems\u2014Reviewing choices and exploring their consequences. J. Clean. Prod., 488\u2013496.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.038"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/561935","article-title":"Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management System in a Developing Country","volume":"2014","author":"Ahsan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-017-0647-8","article-title":"A progress indicator-based assessment guide for integrated municipal solid-waste management systems","volume":"20","author":"ElSaid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129034","article-title":"Application of the absolute environmental sustainability assessment framework to multifunctional systems\u2014The case of municipal solid waste management","volume":"322","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"55","article-title":"Wspomaganie decyzji w obszarze wyznaczania tras pojazd\u00f3w","volume":"13","author":"Hanczar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Decyzje"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"63","article-title":"Solving the garbage truck routing problem for collecting recyclables from big recycling bins using the VRP spreadsheet solver","volume":"2","author":"Gdowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. Flight Acad. Sect. Econ. Manag. Law"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123557","article-title":"Solid waste collection optimization objectives, constraints, modeling approaches, and their challenges toward achieving sustainable development goals","volume":"277","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4586376","article-title":"Optimal Routing of Solid Waste Collection Trucks: A Review of Methods","volume":"2018","author":"Sulemana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118824","article-title":"Designing an integrated municipal solid waste management network: A case study","volume":"244","author":"Yousefloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolinina, O., Pechenkin, V., Gubin, N., Aizups, J., and Kuzmin, A. (2019, January 15\u201316). Development of semi-adaptive Waste Collection Vehicle Routing Algorithm for agglomeration and urban settlements. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 7th IEEE Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE), Liepaja, Latvia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIEEE48629.2019.8976918"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v8i6.pp4382-4390","article-title":"Robust Counterpart Open Capacitated Vehicle Routing (RC-OCVRP) Model in Optimization of Garbage Transportation in District Sako and Sukarami, Palembang City","volume":"8","author":"Puspita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. (IJECE)"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.12.004","article-title":"Integrating a heterogeneous fixed fleet and a flexible assignment of destination depots in the waste collection VRP with intermediate facilities","volume":"84","author":"Markov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.250","article-title":"Variable fleet size and mix VRP with fleet heterogeneity in Integrated Solid Waste Management","volume":"230","author":"Asefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119801","article-title":"Electronic waste collection systems using Internet of Things (IoT): Household electronic waste management in Malaysia","volume":"252","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.04.007","article-title":"Vehicle route planning in e-waste mobile collection on demand supported by artificial intelligence algorithms","volume":"63","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.295","article-title":"Route optimization of an electric garbage truck fleet for sustainable environmental and energy management","volume":"234","author":"Yetilmezsoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e1nyai, T., Tam\u00e1s, P., Ill\u00e9s, B., Stankevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, \u017d., and B\u00e1nyai, \u00c1. (2019). Optimization of Municipal Waste Collection Routing: Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on Environmental Awareness and Sustainability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040634"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vonolfen, S., Affenzeller, M., Beham, A., Wagner, S., and Lengauer, E. (2011, January 25\u201327). Simulation-based evolution of municipal glass-waste collection strategies utilizing electric trucks. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Logistics and Industrial Informatics, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/LINDI.2011.6031142"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"9202","article-title":"Optymalizacja tras odbioru odpad\u00f3w komunalnych z wykorzystaniem r\u00f3\u017cnych typ\u00f3w pojazd\u00f3w i ograniczeniami czasowymi w obs\u0142udze klienta","volume":"4","author":"Korcyl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Logistyka"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Korcyl, A., Gdowska, K., and Ksia\u0327\u017cek, R. (October, January 28). A MILP Model for Route Optimization Problem in a Municipal Multi-Landfill Waste Collection System. Proceedings of the ICIL 2016: 13th International Conference on Industial Logistics, Zakopane, Poland."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/21\/7406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:26:59Z","timestamp":1760167619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/21\/7406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["en14217406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14217406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]]}}}