{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:10:28Z","timestamp":1769818228465,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004527","name":"Swedish Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43985-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43985-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RETROSIM","award":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/32503\/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/32503\/2017 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032503"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the thermal comfort and energy performance of buildings. These films can be applied to different glazing systems without having to change the whole window. This makes it possible to apply films to windows in old and historical buildings for which preservation regulations often require that windows should remain unchanged. This research aims to investigate the impacts of low-E window films on the energy performance and thermal comfort of a three-story historical stone building in the cold climate of Sweden using the simulation software \u201cIDA ICE\u201d. On-site measurements were taken to acquire thermal and optical properties of the windows. This research shows that the application of the low-emissivity window film on the outward-facing surface of the inner pane of the double-glazed windows helped to reduce heat loss through the windows in winter and unwanted heat gains in summer by almost 36% and 35%, respectively. This resulted in a 6% reduction in the building\u2019s annual energy consumption for heating purposes and a reduction in the percentage of total occupant hours with thermal dissatisfaction from 14% (without the film) to 11% (with the film). However, the relatively high price of the films and low price of district heating results in a rather long payback period of around 30 years. Thus, the films seem scarcely attractive from a purely economic viewpoint, but may be warranted for energy\/environmental and thermal comfort reasons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14227584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1636922916000},"page":"7584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Low-Emissivity Window Films as an Energy Retrofit Option for a Historical Stone Building in Cold Climate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman Abolghasemi","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ADAI, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, 801 76 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Ameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, 801 76 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9076-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Akander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, 801 76 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gameiro Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, ADAI, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3418-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.145","article-title":"Energy retrofits in historic and traditional buildings: A review of problems and methods","volume":"77","author":"Webb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. 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