{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1767906139706,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy-efficient building retrofits must be approached from three perspectives: law regulation approach, financial incentives approach, and practice approach. The concepts of zero energy building and life cycle energy building are presented as the basis for energy retrofits. Multi-criteria boards to assess the decision-making process are reviewed, analysed, and categorised under an architectonic perspective. Some examples are presented, with different packages of measures, from deep to non-invasive energy retrofits. Passive and active energy generation systems, together with control and management strategies, are the physical elements identified with the potential to improve buildings\u2019 energy efficiency. From a practice approach, this literature review identifies the concept of performance-based architectural design to optimise the planning and design of buildings\u2019 energy retrofits. In addition, tools such as Building Information Modelling are described as part of optimisation processes, as they enable designers to rapidly analyse and simulate a building\u2019s performance at the design stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14238100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T20:59:33Z","timestamp":1638737973000},"page":"8100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Introductory Review of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Retrofits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+\/IST, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Catarina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GESTU, FAUTL, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID\/IST, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.06.089","article-title":"Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade","volume":"128","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12172","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/323\/1\/012172","article-title":"Fleet-based LCA applied to the building sector\u2014Environmental and economic analysis of retrofit strategies","volume":"323","author":"Goswein","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. 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