{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:03:14Z","timestamp":1777658594272,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":244,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/143006\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/143006\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of the modular multilevel converter (MLC) has been raising interest in research in order to improve their performance and applicability. The potential of an MLC is enormous, with a great focus on medium- and high-voltage applications, such as solar photovoltaic and wind farms, electrified railway systems, or power distribution systems. This concept makes it possible to overcome the limitation of the semiconductors blocking voltages, presenting advantageous characteristics. However, the complexity of implementation and control presents added challenges. Thus, this paper aims to contribute with a critical and comparative analysis of the state-of-the-art aspects of this concept in order to maximize its potential. In this paper, different power electronics converter topologies that can be integrated into the MLC concept are presented, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each topology. Nevertheless, different modulation techniques used in an MLC are also presented and analyzed. Computational simulations of all the modulation techniques under analysis were developed, based on four cascaded full-bridge topologies. Considering the simulation results, a comparative analysis was possible to make regarding the symmetry of the synthesized waveforms, the harmonic content, and the power distribution in each submodule constituting the MLC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15031078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1643709561000},"page":"1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on Modular Multilevel Converters, Submodule Topologies, and Modulation Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A. M.","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro ALGORITMI, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSTEC Research Center, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gabriel","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro ALGORITMI, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9479","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2890649","article-title":"A general review of multilevel inverters based on main submodules: Structural point of view","volume":"34","author":"Vijeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, L.A., Tanta, M., Martins, A.P., Afonso, J.L., and Pinto, J.G. (2020, January 3). Submodule Topologies and PWM Techniques Applied in Modular Multilevel Converters: Review and Analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Energy for Smart Cities, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73585-2_8"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hayton, J. (2017). Multilevel Inverters: Conventional and Emerging Topologies and Their Control, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rashid, M.H. (2017). Power Electronics Handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifabadi, K., Harnefors, L., Nee, H.-P., Norrga, S., and Teodorescu, R. (2016). Design, Control, and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118851555"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2013.2257636","article-title":"A hybrid modular multilevel voltage source converter for HVDC power transmission","volume":"49","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2598368","article-title":"A new topology of multilevel VSC converter for a hybrid HVDC transmission system","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, S., Dekka, A., Wu, B., and Zargari, N. (2017). Modular Multilevel Converters: Analysis, Control, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119367291"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2310656","article-title":"Comparison of the modular multilevel DC converter and the dual-active bridge converter for power conversion in HVDC and MVDC grids","volume":"30","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Huang, S. (2013). Distributed Modulation and Control of Modular Multilevel Converter for HVDC Application. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Aalborg University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.03.016","article-title":"An improved averaged value model of MMC-HVDC for power system faults simulation","volume":"110","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2226249","article-title":"Protection of nonpermanent faults on DC overhead lines in MMC-based HVDC systems","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2190530","article-title":"Design and control of a modular multilevel HVDC converter with redundant power modules for noninterruptible energy transfer","volume":"27","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.A. (2017). de A. Modular multilevel converters for power system applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Fu, Q., Li, X., and Liu, C. (2009, January 6\u20137). A novel photovoltaic grid-connected power conditioner employing hybrid multilevel inverter. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.10.030","article-title":"Investigation of multilevel multifunctional grid connected inverter topologies and control strategies used in photovoltaic systems","volume":"42","author":"Latran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.2978164","article-title":"Cascaded multilevel PV inverter with improved harmonic performance during power imbalance between power cells","volume":"56","author":"Lashab","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5166","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2928245","article-title":"A hybrid modular multilevel converter for solar power integration","volume":"55","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2019.2930819","article-title":"Performance analysis of medium-voltage grid integration of PV plant using modular multilevel converter","volume":"34","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2714120","article-title":"DC-DC MMC for HVdc grid interface of utility-scale photovoltaic conversion systems","volume":"65","author":"Rojas","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2015.2509599","article-title":"A new circuit performance of modular multilevel inverter suitable for photovoltaic conversion plants","volume":"4","author":"Nademi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2594078","article-title":"A novel grid-connected PV system based on MMC to get the maximum power under partial shading conditions","volume":"32","author":"Rong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2013.2266280","article-title":"A new hybrid modular multilevel converter for grid connection of large wind turbines","volume":"4","author":"Debnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2019.2931197","article-title":"Coordinated control of parallel DR-HVDC and MMC-HVDC systems for offshore wind energy transmission","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2016.2522562","article-title":"Offshore wind farm modeling accuracy and efficiency in MMC-based multiterminal HVDC connection","volume":"32","author":"Karaagac","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"839","article-title":"Analysis of the performance of MMC under fault conditions in HVDC-based offshore wind farms","volume":"31","author":"Beltran","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2290313","article-title":"A high-frequency link multilevel cascaded medium-voltage converter for direct grid integration of renewable energy systems","volume":"29","author":"Islam","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, K., and Choi, J. (2019). Single-Phase 13-Level Power Conditioning System for Peak Power Reduction of a High-Speed Railway Substation. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12234405"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/JPETS.2019.2892418","article-title":"A hybrid MMC-based photovoltaic and battery energy storage system","volume":"6","author":"Bayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2017.2661540","article-title":"Self-synchronization of wind farm in an MMC-based HVDC system: A stability investigation","volume":"32","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2842795","article-title":"Decoupled power control for a modular-multilevel-converter-based hybrid AC-DC grid integrated with hybrid energy storage","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2010.2047407","article-title":"Fault-tolerant operation of a battery-energy-storage system based on a multilevel cascade PWM converter with star configuration","volume":"25","author":"Maharjan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2010.2059045","article-title":"Active-power control of individual converter cells for a battery energy storage system based on a multilevel cascade PWM converter","volume":"27","author":"Maharjan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2013.2268981","article-title":"Analysis and control of modular multilevel converters under unbalanced conditions","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2477834","article-title":"Assessment of fault tolerance in modular multilevel converters with integrated energy storage","volume":"31","author":"Soong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Weiss, D., Vasiladiotis, M., Banceanu, C., Drack, N., Odegard, B., and Grondona, A. (2017, January 16\u201318). IGCT based modular multilevel converter for an AC-AC rail power supply. Proceedings of the PCIM Europe 2017: International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElGebaly, A.E., Hassan, A.E.-W., and El-Nemr, M.K. (2019, January 28\u201331). Reactive Power Compensation by Multilevel Inverter STATCOM for Railways Power Grid. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus), Saint Petersburg, Moscow.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIConRus.2019.8657058"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanta, M., Cunha, J., Barros, L.A., Monteiro, V., Pinto, J., Martins, A.P., and Afonso, J.L. (2021). Experimental Validation of a Reduced-Scale Rail Power Conditioner Based on Modular Multilevel Converter for AC Railway Power Grids. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14020484"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2057268","article-title":"Asymmetrical multilevel inverter for traction drives using only one DC supply","volume":"59","author":"Dixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2007.900476","article-title":"Design and comparison of 4-kV neutral-point-clamped, flying-capacitor, and series-connected H-bridge multilevel converters","volume":"43","author":"Fazel","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2846622","article-title":"MMC-based SRM drives with decentralized battery energy storage system for hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"34","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2279185","article-title":"A hybrid cascaded multilevel converter for battery energy management applied in electric vehicles","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2018.2884610","article-title":"A simplified space vector pulse width modulation implementation in modular multilevel converters for electric ship propulsion systems","volume":"5","author":"Ronanki","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2632858","article-title":"Design and implementation of a modular multilevel converter with hierarchical redundancy ability for electric ship MVDC system","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2010.2085088","article-title":"A transformerless medium-voltage STATCOM topology based on extended modular multilevel converters","volume":"26","author":"Bina","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2006.882022","article-title":"A comparison of diode-clamped and cascaded multilevel converters for a STATCOM with energy storage","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2013.2282171","article-title":"The alternate arm converter: A new hybrid multilevel converter with dc-fault blocking capability","volume":"29","author":"Merlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2036019","article-title":"Fault-tolerant design and control strategy for cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter-based STATCOM","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2007.900487","article-title":"Control and performance of a transformerless cascade PWM STATCOM with star configuration","volume":"43","author":"Akagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2811361","article-title":"Comparison of DSCC and SDBC modular multilevel converters for STATCOM application during negative sequence compensation","volume":"66","author":"Cupertino","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2006.08.015","article-title":"Control of cascaded transformer multilevel inverter based DSTATCOM","volume":"77","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11770","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.2984685","article-title":"High-efficiency control strategy for 10-kV\/1-MW solid-state transformer in PV application","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2864657","article-title":"Design and implementation of high efficiency control scheme of dual active bridge based 10 kV\/1 MW solid state transformer for PV application","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2854674","article-title":"Forward dual-active-bridge solid-state transformer for a SiC-based cascaded multilevel converter cell in solar applications","volume":"54","author":"Parreiras","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2923355","article-title":"An isolated modular multilevel converter (IM 2 C) topology based on high-frequency link (HFL) concept","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2412096","article-title":"Solid-state transformer and MV grid tie applications enabled by 15 kV SiC IGBTs and 10 kV SiC MOSFETs based multilevel converters","volume":"51","author":"Madhusoodhanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2049719","article-title":"Recent advances and industrial applications of multilevel converters","volume":"57","author":"Kouro","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2143431","article-title":"Classification, terminology, and application of the modular multilevel cascade converter (MMCC)","volume":"26","author":"Akagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2017.2742938","article-title":"Evolution of topologies, modeling, control schemes, and applications of modular multilevel converters","volume":"5","author":"Dekka","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Xu, S., Din, Z., and Hu, X. (2019). Hybrid multilevel converters: Topologies, evolutions and verifications. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12040615"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2017.2685464","article-title":"Power electronic transformer-based railway traction systems: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2327641","article-title":"Modular multilevel converters for HVDC applications: Review on converter cells and functionalities","volume":"30","author":"Nami","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2310127","article-title":"Circuit topologies, modeling, control schemes, and applications of modular multilevel converters","volume":"30","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/CJEE.2020.000001","article-title":"Overview on submodule topologies, modeling, modulation, control schemes, fault diagnosis, and tolerant control strategies of modular multilevel converters","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.08.015","article-title":"Modulation techniques applied to medium voltage modular multilevel converters for renewable energy integration: A review","volume":"155","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2309937","article-title":"Operation, control, and applications of the modular multilevel converter: A review","volume":"30","author":"Debnath","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Mcmurray, W. (1971). Fast Response Stepped-Wave Switching Power Converter Circuit. (3581212), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2016.2588878","article-title":"Solid-state transformers: On the origins and evolution of key concepts","volume":"10","author":"Huber","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Rego, J., Pereira, F.L., Barros, L.A.M., Martins, A.P., and Pinto, J.G. (2021, January 24\u201326). Development of a Modular Multilevel Cascade Converter based on Full-Bridge Submodules with a common DC-Bus. Proceedings of the EAI SESC 2021\u20143rd EAI International Conference on Sustainable Energy for Smart Cities, Online Conference."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Baker, R.H. (1991). Bridge Converter Circuit. (4 270 163), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.1981.4503992","article-title":"A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter","volume":"5","author":"Nabae","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Meynard, T., and Foch, H. (July, January 29). Multi-level conversion: High voltage choppers and voltage-source inverters. Proceedings of the PESC\u201992 Record. 23rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Toledo, Spain."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Rashid, M.H. (2017). Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, Butterworth-Heinemann. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maswood, A.I., and Tafti, H.D. (2018). Advanced Multilevel Converters and Applications in Grid Integration, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119476030"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Brenna, M., Foiadelli, F., and Zaninelli, D. (2018). Electrical Railway Transportation Systems, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, L.A.M., Tanta, M., Martins, A.P., Afonso, J.L., and Pinto, J.G. (2020, January 8\u201310). Opportunities and Challenges of Power Electronics Systems in Future Railway Electrification. Proceedings of the IEEE CPE\u2014POWERENG 2020: 14th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering, Setubal, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE-POWERENG48600.2020.9161695"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Kabalci, E. (2017). Multilevel Inverters: Control Methods and Advanced Power Electronic Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talon Louokdom, E., Gavin, S., Siemaszko, D., Biya-Motto, F., Essimbi Zobo, B., Marchesoni, M., and Carpita, M. (2018). Small-Scale Modular Multilevel Converter for Multi-Terminal DC Networks Applications: System Control Validation. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0242.v1"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talon, E., Gavin, S., Siemaszko, D., Biya-Motto, F., Essimbi, B., and Carpita, M. (2016, January 25\u201328). Design and implementation of a multi-dsp based digital control system architecture for modular multilevel converters. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), Varna, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEPEMC.2016.7752163"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, C.L., and Norum, L. (2013, January 16\u201320). A high speed control network synchronization jitter evaluation for embedded monitoring and control in modular multilevel converter. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2013.6652174"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fey, J.-H., Hinrichsen, F., Carstens, G., and Mallwitz, R. (2019, January 23\u201325). Development of a modular multilevel converter demonstrator with EtherCAT communication. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Sonderborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE.2019.8862424"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"295","article-title":"Field bus for data exchange and control of modular power electronic systems with high synchronisation accuracy","volume":"8","author":"Rietmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEJ J. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2018.2792330","article-title":"Modular multilevel converters for transportation electrification: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Ronanki","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedi, H., Al-Haddad, K., Labbe, P.-A., and Rahmani, S. (2014, January 1\u20134). Cascaded multilevel inverter with multicarrier PWM technique and voltage balancing feature. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2014.6864951"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2158039","article-title":"Three-phase hybrid multilevel inverter based on half-bridge modules","volume":"59","author":"Batschauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2248756","article-title":"Power electronic traction transformer-low voltage prototype","volume":"28","author":"Dujic","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2016.2589061","article-title":"Medium-voltage solid-state transformer: Technology for a smarter and resilient grid","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2160652","article-title":"High-frequency transformer isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter modules with high efficiency over wide load range for 20 kVA solid-state transformer","volume":"26","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2682105","article-title":"Multilevel converters: Fundamental circuits and systems","volume":"105","author":"Akagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2187800","article-title":"An improved pulse width modulation method for chopper-cell-based modular multilevel converters","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Cottet, D., van der Merwe, W., Agostini, F., Riedel, G., Oikonomou, N., R\u00fcetschi, A., Geyer, T., Gradinger, T., Velthuis, R., and Wunsch, B. (2015, January 19\u201320). Integration technologies for a fully modular and hot-swappable MV multi-level concept converter. Proceedings of the PCIM Europe 2015; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Frankfurt am Main, Germany."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, F.L., and Ye, H. (2017). Advanced DC\/AC Inverters: Applications in Renewable Energy, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b13750"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Liao, J., Corzine, K., and Ferdowsi, M. (2008, January 24\u201328). A new control method for single-DC-source cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters using phase-shift modulation. Proceedings of the 2008 Twenty-Third Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2013.2290751","article-title":"A new multilevel inverter topology with self-balancing level doubling network","volume":"61","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farnesi, S., Marchesoni, M., Passalacqua, M., and Vaccaro, L. (2019). Solid-state transformers in locomotives fed through AC lines: A review and future developments. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12244711"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2013846","article-title":"Cascaded multilevel inverter employing three-phase transformers and single DC input","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.927229","article-title":"Static var compensator and active power filter with power injection capability, using 27-level inverters and photovoltaic cells","volume":"56","author":"Flores","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2005.858715","article-title":"An efficient multilevel-synthesis approach and its application to a 27-level inverter","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2006.870656","article-title":"Voltage-source active power filter based on multilevel converter and ultracapacitor DC link","volume":"53","author":"Carmi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, S.A., Verne, S.A., and Valla, M.I. (2016). Multilevel converters for industrial applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15252"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1109\/63.849042","article-title":"Multilevel PWM methods at low modulation indices","volume":"15","author":"Tolbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpaneto, M., Marchesoni, M., and Vaccaro, L. (2007, January 4\u20137). A new cascaded multilevel converter based on NPC cells. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Vigo, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2007.4374740"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Da Silva, G.P., Trentini, F., Odaguiri, V.T., Bressan, M.V., Heldwein, M.L., and Batschauer, A.L. (2013, January 27\u201331). Hybrid three-phase multilevel inverter based ON NPC cascaded to half-bridge cells. Proceedings of the 2013 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, Gramado, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moonem, M., and Krishnaswami, H. (2012, January 15\u201320). Analysis and control of multi-level dual active bridge DC-DC converter. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2012.6342628"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Z., Deshpande, A., Narayanasamy, B., Peng, H., Emon, A.I., Whitt, R., Nafis, B.M., Luo, F., and Huitink, D. (October, January 29). Design and evaluation of a 150 kva sic mosfet based three level tnpc phase-leg pebb for aircraft motor driving application. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2019.8913071"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nami, A., and Adabi, J. (2014, January 5\u20136). A new T-type NPC-based submodule for modular multilevel cascaded converters. Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC 2014), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDSTC.2014.6799359"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.163","article-title":"Reviews on multilevel converter and modulation techniques","volume":"80","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2650140","article-title":"A 2-kW single-phase seven-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter with an active energy buffer","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2793840","article-title":"Grid-connected symmetrical cascaded multilevel converter for power quality improvement","volume":"54","author":"Mortezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira Pinto, J.G., Macedo, R., Monteiro, V., Barros, L., Sousa, T., and Afonso, J.L. (2018). Single-phase shunt active power filter based on a 5-level converter topology. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11041019"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2393556","article-title":"A single-objective predictive control method for a multivariable single-phase three-level NPC converter-based active power filter","volume":"62","author":"Acuna","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrikowski, T., Bula, D., and Pasko, M. (2018, January 18\u201322). Three-phase active power filter with T-NPC type inverter. Proceedings of the 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Ko\u015bcielisko, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAEE.2018.8441137"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"5255","article-title":"Model predictive control for three-level four-leg flying capacitor converter operating as shunt active power filter","volume":"63","author":"Antoniewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2006.881991","article-title":"Implementation of a three-phase capacitor-clamped active power filter under unbalanced condition","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4610","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2020.0734","article-title":"Backstepping control of flying capacitor multilevel inverter-based active power filter","volume":"13","author":"Manai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107054","article-title":"Analysis of hybrid switches symmetric flying capacitor multilevel inverter based STATCOM","volume":"131","author":"Humayun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13067","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3075738","article-title":"A High Power Density Multi-level Bipolar Active Single-phase Buffer with Full Capacitor Energy Utilization and Controlled Power Harmonics","volume":"36","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.2007829","article-title":"Three-level NPC converter-based predictive direct power control of the doubly fed induction machine at low constant switching frequency","volume":"55","author":"Abad","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2157977","article-title":"A hybrid active filter for a three-phase 12-pulse diode rectifier used as the front end of a medium-voltage motor drive","volume":"27","author":"Akagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2016.2517819","article-title":"A dual three-level T-NPC inverter for high-power traction applications","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2689008","article-title":"Direct torque control of T-NPC inverters-fed double-stator-winding PMSM drives with SVM","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6841","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2682796","article-title":"Remedial strategies of T-NPC three-level asymmetric six-phase PMSM drives based on SVM-DTC","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2009.2016567","article-title":"Natural capacitor voltage balancing for a flying capacitor converter induction motor drive","volume":"24","author":"McGrath","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2007.906997","article-title":"Comparison of 2.3-kV medium-voltage multilevel converters for industrial medium-voltage drives","volume":"54","author":"Krug","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3018857","article-title":"Three levels are not enough: Scaling laws for multilevel converters in AC\/DC applications","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2014.2309698","article-title":"Solar PV and battery storage integration using a new configuration of a three-level NPC inverter with advanced control strategy","volume":"29","author":"Teymour","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2723863","article-title":"Hybrid energy storage system microgrids integration for power quality improvement using four-leg three-level NPC inverter and second-order sliding mode control","volume":"65","author":"Tabart","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayan, V., and Ghias, A.M. (2021). A Weighting Factor Free Model Predictive Control for a Flying Capacitor Converter in a DC Microgrid. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3109048"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3101482","article-title":"Current-Source Solid-State DC Transformer Integrating LVDC Microgrid, Energy Storage, and Renewable Energy Into MVDC Grid","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.10.379","article-title":"Development of a scale model of a Modular Multilevel Converters","volume":"137","author":"Guidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8919","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2622667","article-title":"A modular multilevel DC-link front-to-front DC solid-state transformer based on high-frequency dual active phase shift for HVDC grid integration","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2615276","article-title":"Medium-voltage power converter interface for multigenerator marine energy conversion systems","volume":"64","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12153","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.2989329","article-title":"Design of a gan-based interleaved nine-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter for electric aircraft applications","volume":"35","author":"Modeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zheng, Z., Li, Y., and Peng, L. (2016, January 2\u20134). A modular DC solid state transformer for future onboard DC grid. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESARS-ITEC.2016.7841351"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Fu, Q., Li, X., and Liu, C. (2009, January 17\u201320). A novel multilevel power quality compensator for electrified railway. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2448353","article-title":"Design and development of an efficient multilevel DC\/AC traction inverter for railway transportation electrification","volume":"31","author":"Youssef","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2691804","article-title":"An open-circuit fault diagnosis approach for single-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped converters","volume":"33","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"3863","article-title":"Fault diagnosis and system reconfiguration strategy of a single-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped cascaded inverter","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2013.2278960","article-title":"Power electronic traction transformer\u2014Medium voltage prototype","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2004.09.008","article-title":"A new control scheme of a cascaded transformer type multilevel PWM inverter for a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system","volume":"78","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2018.2874509","article-title":"Multilevel inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic applications: Examining emerging trends","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Power Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2834226","article-title":"Neutral-point voltage analysis and suppression for NPC three-level photovoltaic converter in LVRT operation under imbalanced grid faults with selective hybrid SVPWM strategy","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duman, T., Marti, S., Moonem, M., Kader, A., Rifath, A.A., and Krishnaswami, H. (2017). A modular multilevel converter with power mismatch control for grid-connected photovoltaic systems. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10050698"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7542","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2677341","article-title":"Study of passivity-based decoupling control of T-NPC PV grid-connected inverter","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zeng, G., Liu, J., Song, G., and Sun, J. (2015, January 24\u201326). Design and Implementation of a 125kW T-NPC PV Inverter. Proceedings of the PCIM Asia 2015; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85049","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3084318","article-title":"Seven Level T-Type Switched Capacitor Inverter Topology For PV Applications","volume":"9","author":"Alyami","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/09398368.2016.1272209","article-title":"1-MW solar power inverter with boost converter using all SiC power module","volume":"26","author":"Fujii","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPE J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madasamy, P., Suresh Kumar, V., Sanjeevikumar, P., Holm-Nielsen, J.B., Hosain, E., and Bharatiraja, C. (2019). A three-phase transformerless T-Type-NPC-MLI for grid connected PV systems with common-mode leakage current mitigation. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122434"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.24295\/CPSSTPEA.2019.00006","article-title":"All-silicon 99.35% efficient three-phase seven-level hybrid neutral point clamped\/flying capacitor inverter","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"CPSS Trans. Power Electron. Appl."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2005.01.005","article-title":"A novel switching strategy for improving modularity and manufacturability of cascaded-transformer-based multilevel inverters","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, R., Nilsen, R., and Nysveen, A. (2020, January 19\u201321). Active NPC Converter for Variable Speed Operation of Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant. Proceedings of the IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON43393.2020.9255403"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2936365","article-title":"Effective utilization of parallel-connected megawatt three-level back-to-back power converters in variable speed pumped storage units","volume":"55","author":"Desingu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2008.918651","article-title":"Design of a back-to-back NPC converter interface for wind turbines with squirrel-cage induction generator","volume":"23","author":"Bueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2182661","article-title":"Power capability investigation based on electrothermal models of press-pack IGBT three-level NPC and ANPC VSCs for multimegawatt wind turbines","volume":"27","author":"Senturk","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-03775-0","article-title":"Modified model predictive control of back-to-back T-type NPC converter interfacing wind turbine-driven PMSG and electric grid","volume":"44","author":"Eedara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2347912","article-title":"Open-switch fault tolerance control for a three-level NPC\/T-type rectifier in wind turbine systems","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"21","article-title":"Backstepping Control Strategy for Multi-source Energy System based Flying capacitor Inverter and PMSG","volume":"97","author":"Boumediene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Przeglkad Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Husain, I., Wang, F., and Huang, A.Q. (2015, January 15\u201319). Solid-state transformer interfaced PMSG wind energy conversion system. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2015.7104517"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2216245","article-title":"Wind energy system with integrated functions of active power transfer, reactive power compensation, and voltage conversion","volume":"60","author":"She","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2017.2679679","article-title":"Solid-state-transformer-interfaced permanent magnet wind turbine distributed generation system with power management functions","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85852","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3088939","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Hybrid NPP and NPC Seven-Level Inverter with Switched-Capacitor","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3038067","article-title":"Operation of a Seven-Level T-Type Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter with Modified Level-Shifted PWM","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, B.P., and Holmes, D.G. (2007, January 17\u201321). Analytical modelling of voltage balance dynamics for a flying capacitor multilevel converter. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESC.2007.4342276"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.886600","article-title":"Modified phase-shifted PWM control for flying capacitor multilevel converters","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2005.861108","article-title":"Extended operation of flying capacitor multilevel inverters","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.3034560","article-title":"Flying-Capacitor Linear Amplifier With Capacitor Voltage Balancing for High-Efficiency and Low Distortion","volume":"57","author":"Obara","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"(2019). Medium Voltage Wind Converters: ABB wind turbine converters PCS6000, full power converter, up to 12 MW. Manuf. ABB."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"(2000). Multilevel Technology with ALSPA VDM, Alstom."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7494","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2636211","article-title":"A closed-loop time-domain analysis method for modular multilevel converter","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2586440","article-title":"A 10-kV\/400-V 500-kVA electronic power transformer","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2565510","article-title":"A flying-capacitor modular multilevel converter for medium-voltage motor drive","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"(2013). Delta MVD3000 Series: Medium Voltage Drive, Manufacturer: Delta Group."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engel, B., Victor, M., Bachmann, G., and Falk, A. (2003, January 2\u20134). 15 kV\/16.7 Hz energy supply system with medium frequency transformer and 6.5 kV IGBTs in resonant operation. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE 2003, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1080\/09398368.2003.11463526"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, M., and Reinold, H. (2007, January 2\u20135). Medium frequency topology in railway applications. Proceedings of the 2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2007.4417570"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hugo, N., Stefanutti, P., Pellerin, M., and Akdag, A. (2007, January 2\u20135). Power electronics traction transformer. Proceedings of the 2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2007.4417649"},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Dujic, D., Mester, A., Chaudhuri, T., Coccia, A., Canales, F., and Steinke, J.K. (September, January 30). Laboratory scale prototype of a power electronic transformer for traction applications. Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Birmingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2598286","article-title":"A hybrid modular multilevel converter for medium-voltage variable-speed motor drives","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"(2014). Delta MVD 1000 Series: Medium Voltage Drive, Manufacturer: Delta Group."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steurer, M., Bogdan, F., Bosworth, M., Faruque, O., Hauer, J., Schoder, K., Sloderbeck, M., Soto, D., Sun, K., and Winkelnkemper, M. (2015, January 3\u20135). Multifunctional megawatt scale medium voltage DC test bed based on modular multilevel converter (MMC) technology. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles (ESARS), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESARS.2015.7101535"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christe, A., Coulinge, E., and Dujic, D. (2016, January 5\u20139). Insulation coordination for a modular multilevel converter prototype. Proceedings of the 2016 18th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE\u201916 ECCE Europe), Karlsruhe, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPE.2016.7695527"},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Glinka, M. (2004, January 20\u201325). Prototype of multiphase modular-multilevel-converter with 2 MW power rating and 17-level-output-voltage. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37551), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.-H., Negesse, B.B., Kim, J.-M., and Kim, C.-K. (October, January 29). Back-to-back 31 level modular multilevel converter with EtherCAT communication. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2019.8913080"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo, C., Kouro, S., Rojas, C.A., Perez, M.A., Meynard, T., and Malinowski, M. (2019). Five-level T-type cascade converter for rooftop grid-connected photovoltaic systems. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091743"},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Reliability-and cost-based redundancy design for modular multilevel converter","volume":"66","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41601-020-00157-9","article-title":"Review of protection and fault handling for a flexible DC grid","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prot. Control Mod. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2392778","article-title":"Seamless transition control for modular multilevel converters when inserting a cold-reserve redundant submodule","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., and Yin, J. (2019). Fault-tolerant control strategies and capability without redundant sub-modules in modular multilevel converters. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091726"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6778","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2628762","article-title":"Fault-tolerant control of MMC with hot reserved submodules based on carrier phase shift modulation","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2284919","article-title":"Energy-balancing control strategy for modular multilevel converters under submodule fault conditions","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguayo-Alquicira, J., V\u00e1squez-Libreros, I., L\u00e9on-Aldaco, D., Estefany, S., Ponce-Silva, M., Lozoya-Ponce, R.E., Flores-Rodr\u2019\\iguez, E., Garc\u2019\\ia-Morales, J., Reyes-Severiano, Y., and Carrillo-Santos, L.M. (2021). Reconfiguration Strategy for Fault Tolerance in a Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Using a Z-Source Converter. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10050574"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2846406","article-title":"On exploiting active redundancy of a modular multilevel converter to balance reliability and operational flexibility","volume":"34","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2015.2477476","article-title":"Analysis, detection, and location of open-switch submodule failures in a modular multilevel converter","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"671","article-title":"An observer-based diagnosis scheme for single and simultaneous open-switch faults in induction motor drives","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2348194","article-title":"Fault detection and localization method for modular multilevel converters","volume":"30","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2454534","article-title":"Fault diagnosis and tolerant control of single IGBT open-circuit failure in modular multilevel converters","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2242093","article-title":"Fault detection for modular multilevel converters based on sliding mode observer","volume":"28","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Zhang, Y., Yang, R., Wang, G., and Xu, D. (2015, January 1\u20135). An IGBT open-circuit fault detection method for modular multilevel converters. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPE.2015.7167986"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3012201","article-title":"Detection and Identification of Power Switch Failures Using Discrete Fourier Transform for DC-DC Flying Capacitor Buck Converters","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2278794","article-title":"A di\/dt feedback-based active gate driver for smart switching and fast overcurrent protection of IGBT modules","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1625","article-title":"A failure-detection strategy for IGBT based on gate-voltage behavior applied to a motor drive system","volume":"58","author":"Theilliol","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2016.2608940","article-title":"An integrated control strategy with fault detection and tolerant control capability based on capacitor voltage estimation for modular multilevel converters","volume":"53","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaqobi, M.A., Matayoshi, H., Danish, M.S.S., Lotfy, M.E., Howlader, A.M., and Tomonobu, S. (2019). Low-voltage solid-state DC breaker for fault protection applications in isolated DC microgrid cluster. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040723"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2892445","article-title":"An auxiliary DC circuit breaker utilizing an augmented MMC","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2613983","article-title":"Fault-tolerant operation of three-phase cascaded H-bridge converters using an auxiliary module","volume":"64","author":"Salimian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., \u00c4ngquist, L., Antonopoulos, A., Harnefors, L., Norrga, S., and Nee, H.-P. (2015, January 9\u201312). Performance of the modular multilevel converter with redundant submodules. Proceedings of the IECON 2015-41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2015.7392712"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2009.2027535","article-title":"A literature review of IGBT fault diagnostic and protection methods for power inverters","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2018.2825779","article-title":"A fast DC fault detection method using DC reactor voltages in HVdc grids","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7451","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2942573","article-title":"DC-Side-Fault-Tolerant Control of a Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Cascaded Multilevel Converter and Auxiliary Power Loop","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2870084","article-title":"Design considerations and development of an innovative gate driver for medium-voltage power devices with high dv\/dt","volume":"34","author":"Anurag","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10265","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2802204","article-title":"Gate driver supply architectures for common mode conducted EMI reduction in series connection of multiple power devices","volume":"33","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2951116","article-title":"Improved bootstrap methods for powering floating gate drivers of flying capacitor multilevel converters and hybrid switched-capacitor converters","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darbas, C., Olivier, J.-C., Ginot, N., Poitiers, F., and Batard, C. (2021). Cascaded Smart Gate Drivers for Modular Multilevel Converters Control: A Decentralized Voltage Balancing Algorithm. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14123589"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corentin, D., Nicolas, G., Jean-Christophe, O., and Fr\u00e9d\u00e8ric, P. (2020, January 7\u201311). Modular Multilevel Converter with Distributed Galvanic Isolation: A Decentralized Voltage Balancing Algorithm with Smart Gate Drivers. Proceedings of the 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE\u201920 ECCE Europe), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/EPE20ECCEEurope43536.2020.9215896"},{"key":"ref_214","unstructured":"Busquets-Monge, S., Rocabert, J., Crebier, J.-C., and Peracaula, J. (2009, January 8\u201310). Diode-clamped multilevel converters with integrable gate-driver power-supply circuits. Proceedings of the 2009 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2008.921163","article-title":"Loss free gate driver unipolar power supply for high side power transistors","volume":"23","author":"Rouger","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Ghossein, L., Morel, F., Morel, H., and Dworakowski, P. (2016, January 10\u201312). State of the art of gate-drive power supplies for medium and high voltage applications. Proceedings of the PCIM Europe 2016; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, H., Brothers, J.A., Wang, J., Fu, L., Perales, M., and Wu, J. (2016, January 20\u201324). A 15 kV SiC MOSFET gate drive with power over fiber based isolated power supply and comprehensive protection functions. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2016.7468138"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2247423","article-title":"A resonant gate-drive circuit with optically isolated control signal and power supply for fast-switching and high-voltage power semiconductor devices","volume":"28","author":"Fujita","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.24295\/CPSSTPEA.2019.00020","article-title":"Auxiliary submodule power supply for a medium voltage modular multilevel converter","volume":"4","author":"Christe","year":"2019","journal-title":"CPSS Trans. Power Electron. Appl."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2019.2953186","article-title":"A multilevel gate driver of SiC MOSFET s for mitigating coupling noise in bridge-leg converter","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2017.2704539","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental comparison between phase-shifted PWM and level-shifted PWM in a modular multilevel SDBC inverter for utility-scale photovoltaic applications","volume":"53","author":"Sochor","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1109\/28.793371","article-title":"Novel multilevel inverter carrier-based PWM method","volume":"35","author":"Tolbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6004","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2885278","article-title":"A phase-shifted square wave modulation (PS-SWM) for modular multilevel converter (MMC) and DC transformer for medium voltage applications","volume":"34","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2448125","article-title":"Soft-switching operation of isolated modular DC\/DC converters for application in HVDC grids","volume":"31","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221093","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3042935","article-title":"Influence of Phase-Shifted Square Wave Modulation on Medium Frequency Transformer in a MMC Based SST","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95006","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3072161","article-title":"Research on Multi-Port DC-DC Converter Based on Modular Multilevel Converter and Cascaded H Bridges for MVDC Applications","volume":"9","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, Y., and Pinto, S.F. (2018, January 4). Cascade multilevel STATCOM as a solution to improve the voltage profile of a power grid. Proceedings of the 2018 International Young Engineers Forum (YEF-ECE), Costa da Caparica, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/YEF-ECE.2018.8368948"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.6113\/JPE.2017.17.2.346","article-title":"A fast sorting strategy based on a two-way merge sort for balancing the capacitor voltages in modular multilevel converters","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_229","unstructured":"Matar, M., Paradis, D., and Iravani, R. (2013, January 18\u201320). FPGA-based implementation of modular multilevel converter model for real-time simulation of electromagnetic transients. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandaru, T., Bhattacharya, T., and Chatterjee, D. (2017, January 18\u201320). Modified predictive sorting algorithm for full-bridge MMC in HVDC application. Proceedings of the 2017 National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NPEC.2017.8310455"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, L.-P., Lu, Z., Liu, C.-J., and He, C.-L. (2019, January 8\u201310). A sort method of balancing capacitor voltage of mmc. Proceedings of the 2019 18th International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science (DCABES), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCABES48411.2019.00067"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.3026664","article-title":"Improved Balancing and Sensing of Submodule Capacitor Voltages in Modular Multilevel Converter","volume":"57","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2312101","article-title":"Fast sorting method for balancing capacitor voltages in modular multilevel converters","volume":"30","author":"Siemaszko","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2514524","article-title":"A capacitor voltage balancing method with fundamental sorting frequency for modular multilevel converters under staircase modulation","volume":"31","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2813963","article-title":"An improved CPS-PWM scheme-based voltage balancing strategy for MMC with fundamental frequency sorting algorithm","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2850360","article-title":"A currentless sorting and selection-based capacitor-voltage-balancing method for modular multilevel converters","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3000717","article-title":"Analysis of Capacitor Charging Characteristics and Low-Frequency Ripple Mitigation by Two New Voltage-Balancing Strategies for MMC-Based Solid-State Transformers","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2514346","article-title":"A space-vector PWM-based voltage-balancing approach with reduced current sensors for modular multilevel converter","volume":"63","author":"Dekka","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2429595","article-title":"A simplified space vector modulation scheme for multilevel converters","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_240","unstructured":"Babu, N., and Agarwal, P. (2016, January 14\u201317). Space vector modulation for three-level NPC inverter using two-level space vector diagram. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Trivandrum, India."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2034674","article-title":"Conventional space-vector modulation techniques versus the single-phase modulator for multilevel converters","volume":"57","author":"Leon","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.928141","article-title":"Simple unified approach to develop a time-domain modulation strategy for single-phase multilevel converters","volume":"55","author":"Leon","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, S., Wang, J., Baloch, M.H., and Kaloi, G.S. (2018). Digital control techniques based on voltage source inverters in renewable energy applications: A review. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7020018"},{"key":"ref_244","unstructured":"Fernandes, D., Costa, R., Barros, L.A.M., Pedrosa, D., and Pinto, J.G. (2021, January 24\u201326). A Comprehensive Comparison of Voltage and Current Control Techniques for Three-Phase VSI Converters. Proceedings of the EAI SESC 2021\u20143rd EAI International Conference on Sustainable Energy for Smart Cities, Virtual Event."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/3\/1078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:12:18Z","timestamp":1760134338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/3\/1078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":244,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["en15031078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15031078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}