{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:26:33Z","timestamp":1762543593716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, fluid flow and heat transfer performance of a radiative coil coating oven is numerically investigated. In the coil coating oven concept under consideration, porous radiant burners provide the required energy to evaporate the volatile species (solvents) from the applied coating and to promote curing reactions. To avoid the mixing between burners flue gas (with a non-negligible oxygen content) and evaporated (combustible) solvents in the oven (which could lead to a catastrophic oven failure), a semi-transparent window in between both atmospheres is applied. To ensure the window thermal stability during the oven operation, window cooling by wall jets is considered. Different turbulence models were compared against available wall jet heat transfer correlations to select the most suitable for three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. Convective heat transfer correlations purposefully developed were embedded in a one-dimensional (1D) window energy model for fast performance characterization, analysing the most influencing parameters\u2014window radiative properties, thickness, inlet temperature and velocity of wall jets, and cooling strategy. The 1D window thermal performance is compared with literature and 3D results considering the full coil coating oven, providing satisfactory confidence on the developed strategy. The 1D model is used for an optimisation study to find the minimum energy consumption while ensuring the safety requirements (maximum window temperature and thermal gradient) are met.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15062080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T22:29:43Z","timestamp":1647210583000},"page":"2080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical Simulation of Heat Removal from a Window Slab Partition of a Radiative Coil Coating Oven"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo J. F.","family":"Neno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge E. P.","family":"Navalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sander, J. (2014). Coil Coating, Vincentz Network."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.03.021","article-title":"Solar energy materials and solar cells cool coatings with high near infrared transmittance for coil coated aluminium","volume":"196","author":"Grandcolas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.10.019","article-title":"Reflective coatings for interior and exterior of buildings and improving thermal performance","volume":"103","author":"Joudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2006.02.002","article-title":"A model study on fatty acid methyl esters as reactive diluents in thermally cured coil coating systems","volume":"55","author":"Johansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2011.11.023","article-title":"Anticorrosion performance of eco-friendly silane primer for coil coating applications","volume":"74","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2015.11.004","article-title":"Experimental studies on a combined near infrared (NIR) curing system with a convective oven","volume":"91","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2013.03.031","article-title":"Effects of highly absorbing pigments on near infrared cured polyester\/melamine coil coatings","volume":"76","author":"Mabbett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2013.11.015","article-title":"Addition of carbon black NIR absorber to galvanised steel primer systems: Influence on NIR cure of polyester melamine topcoats and corrosion protection characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Mabbett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.06.041","article-title":"Experimental investigation of a radiant porous burner performance with simulated natural gas, biogas and synthesis gas fuel blends","volume":"158","author":"Keramiotis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117965","article-title":"Development of a new infrared heater based on an annular cylindrical radiant burner for direct heating applications","volume":"204","author":"Maznoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). Energy Efficient Coil Coating Process, European Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.spire2030.eu\/ecco."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.12.024","article-title":"Optimal design of impinging jets in an impingement\/effusion cooling system","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2835680","article-title":"Heat (Mass) Transfer and Film Cooling Effectiveness With Injection Through Discrete Holes: Part I\u2014Within Holes and on the Back Surface","volume":"117","author":"Cho","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(94)90340-9","article-title":"Effect of jet-jet spacing on convective heat transfer to confined, impinging arrays of axisymmetric air jets","volume":"37","author":"Huber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02086177","article-title":"On turbulent jet propagation (in German: \u00dcber turbulente Strahlausbreitung)","volume":"5","year":"1934","journal-title":"Ingenieur-Archiv"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211205600041X","article-title":"The wall jet","volume":"1","author":"Glauert","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.15.010183.002241","article-title":"The turbulent wall jet measurements and modeling","volume":"15","author":"Launder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211200000224X","article-title":"A similarity theory for the turbulent plane wall jet without external stream","volume":"425","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"50","article-title":"An experimental study of a plane turbulent wall jet using LDA","volume":"25","author":"Rostamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"ICHMT Digit. Libr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1833413","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of a plane turbulent wall jet","volume":"17","author":"Dejoan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2732460","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of a plane turbulent wall-jet including scalar mixing","volume":"19","author":"Ahlman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14685248.2015.1008008","article-title":"Interaction of inner and outer layers in plane and radial wall jets","volume":"16","author":"Banyassady","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Turbul."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112084002950","article-title":"Turbulent flow with heat transfer in plane and curved wall jets","volume":"145","author":"Dakos","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(00)00018-2","article-title":"Measurements of the convection heat transfer coefficient for a planar wall jet: Uniform temperature and uniform heat flux boundary conditions","volume":"22","author":"AbdulNour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/08916152.2019.1570983","article-title":"Evaluation of candidate strategies for the estimation of local heat transfer coefficient from wall jets","volume":"33","author":"Godi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119801","article-title":"Heat transfer from a single and row of three dimensional wall jets\u2014A combined experimental and numerical study","volume":"159","author":"Godi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2016.07.012","article-title":"A numerical study of a plane wall jet with heat transfer","volume":"63","author":"Naqavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ANSYS Inc. (2016). ANSYS Fluent User\u2019s Guide, Release 17.2, ANSYS Inc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-016-0884-5","article-title":"Analysis and numerical simulation research of the heating process in the oven","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.116252","article-title":"Numerical simulation of bread baking in a convection oven","volume":"184","author":"Fayssal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"ANSYS Inc. (2013). ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide, ANSYS Inc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modest, M.F. (2013). Radiative Heat Transfer, Elsevier. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386944-9.50023-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5545\/sv-jme.2011.163","article-title":"Application of CFD simulation in the development of a new generation heating oven","volume":"58","author":"Rek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroj. Vestn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2021.106851","article-title":"An automated method for efficient multi-parametric analysis of porous radiant burner performance","volume":"163","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"533","article-title":"A turbulent plane two-dimensional wall-jet in a quiescent surrounding","volume":"13","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2015.01.002","article-title":"PIV measurements in a turbulent wall jet over a backward-facing step in a three-dimensional, non-confined channel","volume":"42","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.01.002","article-title":"Experimental approach and numerical prediction of a turbulent wall jet over a backward facing step","volume":"29","author":"Schiestel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-007-9078-2","article-title":"Effect of Strong External Turbulence on a Wall Jet Boundary Layer","volume":"79","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Flow Turbul. Combust."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(01)00305-2","article-title":"Analysis of conduction-radiation problem in absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering media using the collapsed dimension method","volume":"45","author":"Talukdar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2717(06)39006-5","article-title":"Jet impingement heat transfer: Physics, correlations, and numerical modeling","volume":"39","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2717(08)70221-1","article-title":"Heat and mass transfer between impinging gas jets and solid surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1633(85)90052-8","article-title":"Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses","volume":"12","author":"Rubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraas, L., Minkin, L., Avery, J., Ferguson, L., and Samaras, J. (2016, January 5\u201310). Spectral control development for thermophotovoltaics. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2016.7749603"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1920627","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of two opposing wall jets","volume":"17","author":"Johansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(92)90092-7","article-title":"A numerical study of the flow and heat- transfer characteristics of an impinging laminar slot-jet including crossflow effects","volume":"35","author":"Arabia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"The MathWorks Inc. (2020). Global Optimisation Toolbox, The MathWorks Inc."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/6\/2080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:35:29Z","timestamp":1760135729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/6\/2080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en15062080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15062080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1073"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]}}}