{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:21:11Z","timestamp":1761218471319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50014\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Batteries have been the predominant energy storage system used in electric vehicles. Battery packs have a large number of cells that develop charge, thermal, and capacity imbalances over time, limiting the power, range, and lifetime. Electronic battery management and state of charge (SoC) equalization methods are necessary to mitigate such imbalances. Today, it is possible to find a wide range of battery equalization methods in the literature, but how to decide which of these methods should be applied in practice? This paper compares 24 SoC equalization circuits that are typically found in automotive applications. We employ an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to rank these equalization circuits according to multiple decision criteria (energy efficiency, equalization speed, implementation and control simplicity, hardware size, and total price). We also prepared a survey to collect design preferences from multiple battery balancing experts from around the world in order to better understand the relative importance of different criteria. The obtained results confirm that automotive engineers continue to favor passive balancing methods because of their low price, small PCB size, and implementation simplicity\u2014despite the energy efficiency benefits of active balancing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15072439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"2439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Analytic Hierarchy Process for Selecting Battery Equalization Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Martin","family":"de Alc\u00e2ntara Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Thamires","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Esteves","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Lorenzetti","family":"Pellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Engineering Services Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, 4200-162 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Armando Ant\u00f4nio Maria","family":"Lagan\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pinto, C.F.A. 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