{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:24:53Z","timestamp":1777062293738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EMS\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Operational Program Portugal 2020","award":["39578\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39578\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program CRESC Algarve 2020","award":["72581\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72581\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Power systems are going through a transition period. Consumers want more active participation in electric system management, namely assuming the role of producers\u2013consumers, prosumers in short. The prosumers\u2019 energy production is heavily based on renewable energy sources, which, besides recognized environmental benefits, entails energy management challenges. For instance, energy consumption of appliances in a home can lead to misleading patterns. Another challenge is related to energy costs since inefficient systems or unbalanced energy control may represent economic loss to the prosumer. The so-called home energy management systems (HEMS) emerge as a solution. When well-designed HEMS allow prosumers to reach higher levels of energy management, this ensures optimal management of assets and appliances. This paper aims to present a comprehensive systematic review of the literature on optimization techniques recently used in the development of HEMS, also taking into account the key factors that can influence the development of HEMS at a technical and computational level. The systematic review covers the period 2018\u20132021. As a result of the review, the major developments in the field of HEMS in recent years are presented in an integrated manner. In addition, the techniques are divided into four broad categories: traditional techniques, model predictive control, heuristics and metaheuristics, and other techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15082866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"2866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Recent Techniques Used in Home Energy Management Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Isa\u00edas","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-294 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ICT, University of \u00c9vora, 7002-554 Evora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5904-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-294 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0014-9257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gra\u00e7a","family":"Ruano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-294 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CISUC, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6308-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ruano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-294 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.12.005","article-title":"ICTs: Do They Contribute to Increased Carbon Emissions?","volume":"79","author":"Moyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.01.101","article-title":"End User Perceptions toward Smart Grid Technology: Acceptance, Adoption, Risks, and Trust","volume":"60","author":"Ponce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Eiselt, H.A., and Sandblom, C.-L. (2007). Linear Programming and Its Applications, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B., and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, Keele University."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahapatra, B., and Nayyar, A. (2019). Home Energy Management System (HEMS): Concept, Architecture, Infrastructure, Challenges and Energy Management Schemes. Energy Syst., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12667-019-00364-w"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2963502","article-title":"A Survey on Home Energy Management","volume":"8","author":"Leitao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109362","article-title":"Optimization Methods for Power Scheduling Problems in Smart Home: Survey","volume":"115","author":"Makhadmeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17512549.2020.1806925","article-title":"Smart Home Energy Management System\u2014A Review","volume":"16","author":"Badar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Build. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.07.019","article-title":"A Review of Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Building Energy Management","volume":"78","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3078462","article-title":"A Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Smart Building Energy Management","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119271","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005244","article-title":"Home Energy Management System Concepts, Configurations, and Technologies for the Smart Grid","volume":"8","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24498","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2831917","article-title":"Review on Home Energy Management System Considering Demand Responses, Smart Technologies, and Intelligent Controllers","volume":"6","author":"Shareef","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38997","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2852811","article-title":"A Review of Internet of Energy Based Building Energy Management Systems: Issues and Recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Hannan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101555","article-title":"Of Impacts, Agents, and Functions: An Interdisciplinary Meta-Review of Smart Home Energy Management Systems Research","volume":"68","author":"McIlvennie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41577","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3065087","article-title":"Intelligent Controllers and Optimization Algorithms for Building Energy Management Towards Achieving Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Parvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2018.5791","article-title":"Application of DR and Co-Simulation Approach for Renewable Integrated HEMS: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Rajendhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101692","article-title":"A Review of Strategies for Building Energy Management System: Model Predictive Control, Demand Side Management, Optimization, and Fault Detect & Diagnosis","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.046","article-title":"Home Energy Management Systems: A Review of Modelling and Complexity","volume":"45","author":"Beaudin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.04.041","article-title":"Home Energy Management of Thermostatically Controlled Loads and Photovoltaic-Battery Systems","volume":"176","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117052","article-title":"Optimal Household Energy Management Based on Smart Residential Energy Hub Considering Uncertain Behaviors","volume":"195","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, K., Ko, W., and Kim, J. (2019). Optimal Scheduling of Distributed Energy Resources in Residential Building under the Demand Response Commitment Contract. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142810"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2020.1822948","article-title":"Price-Sensitive Home Energy Management Method Based on Pareto Optimisation","volume":"14","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101458","article-title":"Multi-Objective Home Energy Management with Battery Energy Storage Systems","volume":"47","author":"Lokeshgupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2018.6472","article-title":"Optimal Energy Management for the Residential MES","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102972","article-title":"Optimal Two-Level Active and Reactive Energy Management of Residential Appliances in Smart Homes","volume":"71","author":"Zamanloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/tee.23105","article-title":"Home Energy Management Systems under Effects of Solar-Battery Smart Inverter Functions","volume":"15","author":"Dao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1829","article-title":"An Optimal Energy Management of Grid-Connected Residential Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery System Under Step-Rate and Time-of-Use Tariffs","volume":"10","author":"Azaroual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9235","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050757","article-title":"An Optimal Energy-Saving Home Energy Management Supporting User Comfort and Electricity Selling with Different Prices","volume":"9","author":"Dinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.09.001","article-title":"Home Energy Management in Smart Households: Optimal Appliance Scheduling Model with Photovoltaic Energy Storage System","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2019.2927237","article-title":"Differential Dynamic Programming Based Home Energy Management Scheduler","volume":"11","author":"Jeddi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184151","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3023665","article-title":"A Fast and Optimal Smart Home Energy Management System: State-Space Approximate Dynamic Programming","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.08.019","article-title":"Stochastic Interval-Based Optimal Offering Model for Residential Energy Management Systems by Household Owners","volume":"105","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106483","article-title":"Optimal Energy Management and Sizing of Renewable Energy and Battery Systems in Residential Sectors via a Stochastic MILP Model","volume":"187","author":"Farrokhifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117159","article-title":"An Integrated Smart Home Energy Management Model Based on a Pyramid Taxonomy for Residential Houses with Photovoltaic-Battery Systems","volume":"298","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.09.010","article-title":"Two Stage Residential Energy Management under Distribution Locational Marginal Pricing","volume":"154","author":"Mohsenzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.07.004","article-title":"Coordination of Vehicle-to-Home and Renewable Capacity Resources for Energy Management in Resilience and Self-Healing Building","volume":"146","author":"Mehrjerdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106229","article-title":"Finding Optimal Schedules in a Home Energy Management System","volume":"182","author":"Duran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54125","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980850","article-title":"A Data-Driven Home Energy Scheduling Strategy under the Uncertainty in Photovoltaic Generations","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.05.016","article-title":"Two-Stage Stochastic Model for the Price-Based Domestic Energy Management Problem","volume":"112","author":"Gazafroudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"629","article-title":"A Stochastic Home Energy Management System Considering Satisfaction Cost and Response Fatigue","volume":"14","author":"Siano","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118568","article-title":"Optimal Self-Scheduling of Home Energy Management System in the Presence of Photovoltaic Power Generation and Batteries","volume":"210","author":"Javadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3088433","article-title":"Data-Driven Distributionally Robust Hierarchical Coordination for Home Energy Management","volume":"12","author":"Saberi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102358","article-title":"Robust Optimization of the Flexibility-Constrained Energy Management Problem for a Smart Home with Rooftop Photovoltaic and an Energy Storage","volume":"36","author":"Bahramara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.185","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Risk-Based Robust Optimization Approach to Energy Management in Smart Residential Buildings under Combined Demand and Supply Uncertainty","volume":"170","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.01.030","article-title":"Market and Behavior Driven Predictive Energy Management for Residential Buildings","volume":"38","author":"Mirakhorli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, B.V., Kupzog, F., and Kozek, M. (2018). Phase Balancing Home Energy Management System Using Model Predictive Control. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11123323"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.179","article-title":"Comprehensive Smart Home Energy Management System Using Mixed-Integer Quadratic-Programming","volume":"222","author":"Killian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, K., Laouali, I., Ruano, A., and Ruano, M.d.G. (2021). Home Energy Management Systems with Branch-and-Bound Model-Based Predictive Control Techniques. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14185852"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2971530","article-title":"Predictive Home Energy Management System With Photovoltaic Array, Heat Pump, and Plug-In Electric Vehicle","volume":"17","author":"Yousefi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Z., Javaid, N., Iqbal, S., Aslam, S., Khan, Z.A., Abdul, W., Almogren, A., and Alamri, A. (2018). A Domestic Microgrid with Optimized Home Energy Management System. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11041002"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2872463","article-title":"A Real-Time Electricity Scheduling for Residential Home Energy Management","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107206","article-title":"Resilient Residential Energy Management with Vehicle-to-Home and Photovoltaic Uncertainty","volume":"132","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-020-09572-1","article-title":"Scheduling of Smart Home Appliances for Optimal Energy Management in Smart Grid Using Harris-Hawks Optimization Algorithm","volume":"22","author":"Mouassa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optim. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03885-7","article-title":"A New Optimal Energy Management Strategy Based on Improved Multi-Objective Antlion Optimization Algorithm: Applications in Smart Home","volume":"2","author":"Ramezani","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/23744731.2019.1690922","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling Model for Smart Home Energy Management System Based on the Fusion Algorithm of Harmony Search Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafique, M.K., Haider, Z.M., Mehmood, K.K., Uz Zaman, M.S., Irfan, M., Khan, S.U., and Kim, C.H. (2018). Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Energy Resources for a Smart Home. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113201"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M.M., Sajjad, I.A., Amin, S., Haroon, S.S., Liaqat, R., Khan, M.F.N., Waseem, M., and Shah, M.A. (2019). Optimal Scheduling of Residential Home Appliances by Considering Energy Storage and Stochastically Modelled Photovoltaics in a Grid Exchange Environment Using Hybrid Grey Wolf Genetic Algorithm Optimizer. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235226"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222285","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3043639","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling of Grid Transactive Home Demand Responsive Appliances Using Polar Bear Optimization Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"427","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling of Household Appliances in Off-Grid Hybrid Energy System Using PSO Algorithm for Energy Saving","volume":"9","author":"Bouakkaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhadmeh, S.N., Al-Betar, M.A., Alyasseri, Z.A.A., Abasi, A.K., Khader, A.T., Dama\u0161evi\u010dius, R., Mohammed, M.A., and Abdulkareem, K.H. (2021). Smart Home Battery for the Multi-Objective Power Scheduling Problem in a Smart Home Using Grey Wolf Optimizer. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10040447"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102378","article-title":"Home Energy Management Optimization Method Considering Potential Risk Cost","volume":"62","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Martinez, V.J., Moreno-Bautista, C.A., Lozano-Garcia, J.M., Pizano-Martinez, A., Zamora-Cardenas, E.A., and Gomez-Martinez, M.A. (2019). A Heuristic Home Electric Energy Management System Considering Renewable Energy Availability. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12040671"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"249","article-title":"Integrated Optimization of Smart Home Appliances with Cost-Effective Energy Management System","volume":"5","author":"Molla","year":"2019","journal-title":"CSEE J. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09726-3","article-title":"Enhanced Leader Particle Swarm Optimisation (ELPSO): A New Algorithm for Optimal Scheduling of Home Appliances in Demand Response Programs","volume":"53","author":"Jordehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, A., Alghamdi, T.A., Khan, Z.A., Javaid, S., Haseeb, A., Wadud, Z., and Javaid, N. (2019). An Innovative Home Energy Management Model with Coordination among Appliances Using Game Theory. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11226287"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2020.100793","article-title":"A Novel Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer with Min-Conflict Algorithm for Power Scheduling Problem in a Smart Home","volume":"60","author":"Makhadmeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12521","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12521","article-title":"Distributed Artificial Bee Colony Approach for Connected Appliances in Smart Home Energy Management System","volume":"37","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, I., Ullah, M., Ullah, I., Bibi, A., Naeem, M., Singh, M., and Singh, D. (2020). Optimizing Energy Consumption in the Home Energy Management System via a Bio-Inspired Dragonfly Algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030406"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101603","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Home Energy Management System Based on Internet of Things and Optimization Algorithms","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diyan, M., Silva, B.N., and Han, K. (2020). A Multi-Objective Approach for Optimal Energy Management in Smart Home Using the Reinforcement Learning. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123450"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2996547","article-title":"Intelligent Residential Energy Management System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","volume":"14","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2977104","article-title":"Multiagent Reinforcement Learning for Energy Management in Residential Buildings","volume":"17","author":"Ahrarinouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"572","article-title":"Optimization Strategy Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Home Energy Management","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CSEE J. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6629","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2909266","article-title":"Demand Response for Home Energy Management Using Reinforcement Learning and Artificial Neural Network","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-020-01266-5","article-title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Home Energy Management System with Devices Operational Dependencies","volume":"12","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Choi, D.-H. (2019). Reinforcement Learning-Based Energy Management of Smart Home with Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System, Energy Storage System, and Home Appliances. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183937"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91779","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2994462","article-title":"Risk-Averse Home Energy Management System","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-020-0735-x","article-title":"A Framework for Building Energy Management System with Residence Mounted Photovoltaic","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Chellaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Building Simulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2971427","article-title":"A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Data-Driven Method for Home Energy Management","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106425","article-title":"Smart Home Energy Management Using Hybrid Robust-Stochastic Optimization","volume":"143","author":"Nojavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2550031","article-title":"Chance Constrained Optimization in a Home Energy Management System","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.062","article-title":"A Hybrid Algorithm for Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming in Residential Energy Management","volume":"226","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117769","article-title":"Genetic-Programming-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Strategies for Home Energy-Management Systems","volume":"203","author":"Gams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2900558","article-title":"Energy Management in Zero-Energy Building Using Neural Network Predictive Control","volume":"6","author":"Megahed","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39310","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2974286","article-title":"Demand Response Strategy Based on Reinforcement Learning and Fuzzy Reasoning for Home Energy Management","volume":"8","author":"Alfaverh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontogiannis, D., Bargiotas, D., and Daskalopulu, A. (2021). Fuzzy Control System for Smart Energy Management in Residential Buildings Based on Environmental Data. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14030752"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soetedjo, A., Nakhoda, Y.I., and Saleh, C. (2018). Embedded Fuzzy Logic Controller and Wireless Communication for Home Energy Management Systems. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7090189"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4606","article-title":"Development of New Energy Management Strategy for a Household Fuel Cell\/Battery Hybrid System","volume":"43","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Schrijver, A. (1998). Theory of Linear and Integer Programming, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scales, L.E. (1985). Introduction to Non-Linear Optimization, Macmillan International Higher Education.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-17741-7"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.103395","article-title":"Dynamic Programming Based Economic Day-Ahead Scheduling of Integrated Tri-Generation Energy System with Hybrid Energy Storage","volume":"44","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, W.B. (2007). Approximate Dynamic Programming: Solving the Curses of Dimensionality, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470182963"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birge, J.R., and Louveaux, F. (2011). Introduction to Stochastic Programming, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0237-4"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0441","article-title":"A Robust Optimization Perspective on Stochastic Programming","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1137\/070704277","article-title":"Robust Stochastic Approximation Approach to Stochastic Programming","volume":"19","author":"Nemirovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIAM J. Optim."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(89)90002-2","article-title":"Model Predictive Control: Theory and Practice\u2014A Survey","volume":"25","author":"Garcia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Allg\u00f6wer, F., and Zheng, A. (2012). Nonlinear Model Predictive Control, Birkh\u00e4user."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampelis, N., Tsekeri, E., Kolokotsa, D., Kalaitzakis, K., Isidori, D., and Cristalli, C. (2018). Development of Demand Response Energy Management Optimization at Building and District Levels Using Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Network Modelling Power Predictions. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113012"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, K., Ruano, A., and Ruano, M.d.G. (2020, January 15\u201319). Forecasting Electricity Consumption in Residential Buildings for Home Energy Management Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50146-4_24"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, K., Santos, S., Laouali, I., Ruano, A., and Ruano, M.d.G. (2021). Design of Ensemble Forecasting Models for Home Energy Management Systems. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14227664"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koltsaklis, N., Panapakidis, I.P., Pozo, D., and Christoforidis, G.C. (2021). A Prosumer Model Based on Smart Home Energy Management and Forecasting Techniques. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14061724"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot, K., Ruano, A., and Ruano, M.d.G. (2021). Short-Term Forecasting Photovoltaic Solar Power for Home Energy Management Systems. Inventions, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions6010012"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113689","article-title":"Modeling and Control of Building-Integrated Microgrids for Optimal Energy Management\u2014A Review","volume":"254","author":"Fontenot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.05.035","article-title":"A Two Stage Hierarchical Control Approach for the Optimal Energy Management in Commercial Building Microgrids Based on Local Wind Power and PEVs","volume":"41","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Pearl, J. (1984). Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothlauf, F. (2011). Design of Modern Heuristics: Principles and Application, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72962-4"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600781","article-title":"Meta-Heuristics Theory and Applications","volume":"48","author":"Osman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00123-0","article-title":"Multi-Objective Meta-Heuristics: An Overview of the Current State-of-the-Art","volume":"137","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Choi, D.-H. (2020). Energy Management of Smart Home with Home Appliances, Energy Storage System and Electric Vehicle: A Hierarchical Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072157"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-002-0331-0","article-title":"Scenario Reduction in Stochastic Programming","volume":"95","year":"2003","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021805924152","article-title":"Scenario Reduction Algorithms in Stochastic Programming","volume":"24","author":"Heitsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Optim. Appl."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/23080477.2021.1949882","article-title":"Design of Optimal Energy Management System in a Residential Microgrid Based on Smart Control","volume":"10","author":"Dashtdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113580","article-title":"Optimal Energy Management in All-Electric Residential Energy Systems with Heat and Electricity Storage","volume":"254","author":"Terlouw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.04.009","article-title":"Supply Chain Network Design under Uncertainty: A Comprehensive Review and Future Research Directions","volume":"263","author":"Govindan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.08.003","article-title":"Energy Management for User\u2019s Thermal and Power Needs: A Survey","volume":"5","author":"Fiorini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.111221","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Motivations, Enablers and Barriers for Consumer Engagement with Residential Demand Response","volume":"138","author":"Parrish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.117","article-title":"Load Forecasting, Dynamic Pricing and DSM in Smart Grid: A Review","volume":"54","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Zheng, Z., Aillerie, M., Sawicki, J.-P., P\u00e9ra, M.-C., and Hissel, D. (2021). A Review of DC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Dedicated to Residential Applications. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14144308"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.160","article-title":"An Internal Trading Strategy for Optimal Energy Management of Combined Cooling, Heat and Power in Building Microgrids","volume":"239","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Wang, J., Song, G., Han, Y., Zhao, Q., and Cao, Z. (2020). Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Residential Microgrid Energy Scheduling. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13010123"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2021.107357","article-title":"Integrated Energy Management System for Microgrids of Building Prosumers","volume":"198","author":"Farinis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"530","article-title":"Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management System Design for Residential Grid-Connected Microgrids","volume":"9","author":"Pascual","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2758","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.2758","article-title":"Grid Power Fluctuation Reduction by Fuzzy Control Based Energy Management System in Residential Microgrids","volume":"29","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101556","article-title":"Optimization and Energy Management of Distributed Energy Resources for a Hybrid Residential Microgrid","volume":"30","author":"Tooryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12442","DOI":"10.1002\/2050-7038.12442","article-title":"Hybrid Risk-averse Energy Management Optimizer for Large-scale Industrial Building Microgrids","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagdougui, Y., Ouammi, A., and Benchrifa, R. (2020). Energy Management-Based Predictive Controller for a Smart Building Powered by Renewable Energy. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104264"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106092","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932461","article-title":"Optimal Energy Trading for Renewable Energy Integrated Building Microgrids Containing Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Batteries","volume":"7","author":"Eseye","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.07.035","article-title":"Optimal Operation of an Energy Management System for a Grid-Connected Smart Building Considering Photovoltaics\u2019 Uncertainty and Stochastic Electric Vehicles\u2019 Driving Schedule","volume":"210","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101340","article-title":"Influence of Different Time Horizon-Based Battery Energy Management Strategies on Residential Microgrid Profitability","volume":"29","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Ruano, A. (2021, December 01). Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Applied to Intelligent Home Energy Management Systems. Available online: https:\/\/csi.ualg.pt\/nilmforihem."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/8\/2866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:53:53Z","timestamp":1760136833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/8\/2866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["en15082866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15082866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}