{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:18:05Z","timestamp":1760231885427,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU H2020-EU.3.4 funding","award":["769,926","UID\/EEA\/50009\/2019","CEECIND\/02589\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["769,926","UID\/EEA\/50009\/2019","CEECIND\/02589\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["769,926","UID\/EEA\/50009\/2019","CEECIND\/02589\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["769,926","UID\/EEA\/50009\/2019","CEECIND\/02589\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasingly, demanding environmental standards reflect the need for improved energy efficiency and reduced externalities in the transportation sector. Reference driving cycles provide standard speed profiles against which future developments and innovations may be tested. In the paper, we develop such profiles for a class of electric L-category vehicles, which are anticipated to play an increasing future role in urban areas. While such driving cycles exist for regular L-category vehicles, these may not be suitable in the case of electric vehicles, due to their power output limitations. We present a methodology for deriving these new driving cycles, developed from empirically deduced power relationships, before demonstrating their application under different assumptions on the terrain and vehicle characteristics. The applications demonstrate the feasibility of the method in developing appropriate driving patterns for alternative real-world contexts. On flat terrain, the adjustments made to cope with the power limitations of L-EV do not introduce significant differences in energy consumption, suggesting that the certification does not require extensive modification. However, when considering road slope, differences of up to 5% in energy use and up to 10% in regenerated energy were observed, showing the importance of the developed method for assessing vehicle performance in real-world driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15093466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"3466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Method for Developing Reference Driving Cycles Appropriate to Electric L-Category Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6193-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Watling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1559-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN+), Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN+), Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jianbing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.03.005","article-title":"Three Revolutions in Urban Passenger Travel","volume":"2","author":"Fulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102914","article-title":"Evaluating the role of behavior and social class in electric vehicle adoption and charging demands","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103278","article-title":"Roles of Retailers in the Peer-to-Peer Electricity Market: A Single Retailer Perspective","volume":"24","author":"Tushar","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2020.100056","article-title":"Smart charging of electric vehicles considering photovoltaic power production and electricity consumption: A review","volume":"4","author":"Fachrizal","year":"2020","journal-title":"eTransportation"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Transport & Environment (2022, February 03). 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