{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:20:40Z","timestamp":1770358840310,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/NewPortCell-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NewPortCell-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PTDC\/NewPortCell-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NewPortCell-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032116"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive small direct alcohol fuel cells (PS-DAFCs) are compact, standalone devices capable of electrochemically converting the chemical energy in the fuel\/alcohol into electricity, with low pollutant emissions and high energy density. Thus, PS-DAFCs are extremely attractive as sustainable\/green off-grid low-power sources (milliwatts to watts), considered as alternatives to batteries for small\/portable electric and electronic devices. PS-DAFCs benefit from long life operation and low cost, assuring an efficient and stable supply of inherent non-polluting electricity. This review aims to assess innovations on PS-DAFC technology, as well as discuss the challenges and R&amp;D needs covered on practical examples reported in the scientific literature, since 2018. Hence, this compilation intends to be a guidance tool to researchers, in order to help PS-DAFCs overcome the barriers to a broad market introduction and consequently become prime renewable energy converters and autonomous micropower generators. Only by translating research discoveries into the scale-up and commercialization process of the technology can the best balance between the economic and technical issues such as efficiency, reliability, and durability be achieved. In turn, this will certainly play a crucial role in determining how PS-DAFCs can meet pressing sustainable energy needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15103787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"3787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Passive Small Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells for Low-Power Portable Applications: Assessment Based on Innovative Increments since 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria H.","family":"de S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP\u2014Chemistry Research Centre of the University of Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M. F. R.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IEA (2022, January 03). 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