{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:22:35Z","timestamp":1775078555259,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the International Academic Partnership Program","award":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the International Academic Partnership Program","award":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00027"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DWD\/5\/0237\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents a set of experimental-static models of the properties of fine-grained concretes on a cement\u2013slag binder and quartz sand with the addition of a hardening accelerator made on a 3D printer. The influence of the factors of the composition of the mixture and the effects of their interaction on the studied properties of concrete was established. By analyzing the models, the influence of the factors of mixture composition on the studied properties was ranked. The nature and degree of interrelation of individual properties of concrete are shown. A method for calculating the optimal compositions of concrete for a 3D printer, providing the specified properties at a minimum cost, is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15134610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T21:25:00Z","timestamp":1656019500000},"page":"4610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Design of Cement\u2013Slag Concrete Composition for 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid","family":"Dvorkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Constructing Products Technology and Material Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, 33000 Rivne, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Vitaliy","family":"Marchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Constructing Products Technology and Material Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, 33000 Rivne, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Hager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Krakow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Maroszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Krakow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.017","article-title":"3D printing of earth-based materials: Processing aspects","volume":"172","author":"Perrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaszynska, M., Hoffmann, M., Skibicki, S., Zielinski, A., Technan, M., Olczyk, N., and Wroblewski, T. (2018, January 15). Evaluation of suitability for 3D printing of high performance concretes. Proceedings of the MATBUD\u20192018\u20148th Scientific-Technical Conference on Material Problems in Civil Engineering, Szczecin, Poland.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201816301002"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.H., Issayev, G., Shehab, E., and Sarfraz, S. (2022). A critical review of 3D printing and digital manufacturing in construction engineering. Rapid Prototyp. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-07-2021-0160"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Shen, W., Lin, X., and Xie, Y.M. (2022). Additively manufactured thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mold for concrete casting of complex structure. Rapid Prototyp. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-11-2021-0307"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-01-2021-0009","article-title":"Additive manufacturing a powerful tool for the aerospace industry","volume":"28","author":"Khorasani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"863","article-title":"Analiz suschestvuyuschikh tekhnologicheskikh resheniy 3D-pechati v stroitel\u2019stve [Analysis of existing technological solutions of 3D-printing in construction]","volume":"13","author":"Inozemtcev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vestn. MGSU"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrot, A. (2019). 3D Printing of Concrete: State of the Art and Challenges of the Digital Construction Revolution, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119610755"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.03.005","article-title":"Estimating the sustainability returns of recycling construction waste from building projects","volume":"23","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.07.357","article-title":"3D printing of buildings and building components as the future of sustainable construction","volume":"151","author":"Hager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-9335-4","article-title":"The research status and development trend of additive manufacturing technology","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.118","article-title":"Formation of lubricating layer and flow type during pumping of cement-based materials","volume":"178","author":"Secrieru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106774","article-title":"Technology readiness: A global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development","volume":"156","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127114","article-title":"Rheological properties and compressive strength of construction and demolition waste-based geopolymer mortars for 3D-Printing","volume":"328","author":"Ilcan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.050","article-title":"Development of composite cements characterized by low environmental footprint","volume":"226","author":"Bolte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.08.026","article-title":"Carbon dioxide reduction potential in the global cement industry by 2050","volume":"114","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanju\u00e1n, M.\u00c1., Est\u00e9vez, E., and Argiz, C. (2019). Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Blast-Furnace Slag Mortars in Function of the Curing Intensity. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122346"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.024","article-title":"Carbonation of slag concrete: Effect of the cement replacement level and curing on the carbonation coefficient\u2014Effect of carbonation on the pore structure","volume":"35","author":"Gruyaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Dvorkin, L., Dvorkin, O., and Ribakov, Y. (2011). Mathematical Experiments Planning in Concrete Technology, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012085","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/708\/1\/012085","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of steel fiber reinforced concrete properties and selecting its effective composition","volume":"708","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/13\/4610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:58Z","timestamp":1760139538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/13\/4610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["en15134610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15134610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]}}}