{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T16:35:25Z","timestamp":1777221325247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":311,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEFT","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEFT","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CEFT","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have attracted much attention due to their potential application as a power source for portable devices. Their simple construction and operation, associated with compact design, high energy density, and relatively high energy-conversion efficiency, give the DMFCs an advantage over other promising energy production technologies in terms of portability. Nowadays, research on DMFCs has received increased attention in both academics and industries. However, many challenges remain before these systems become commercial, including their costs and durability. As a key material with a high-value cost, noble metal catalysts for both the anode and cathode sides face several problems, which hinder the commercialisation of DMFCs. This paper provides a detailed comprehensive review of recent progress in the development of nanocatalysts (NCs) for the anode and cathode reactions of DMFCs, based on Platinum, Platinum-hybrid, and Platinum-free materials. Particular attention is devoted to the systematisation of published experimental results tested in DMFC devices since 2015, with an emphasis on passive DMFC systems. In addition, a dedicated section was created to include modelling\/theoretical studies. Some open problems and remaining challenges are also highlighted in the final section.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15176335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T21:25:18Z","timestamp":1661894718000},"page":"6335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Recent Advances in the Development of Nanocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria H.","family":"de S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQUP\u2014Chemistry Research Centre of the University of Porto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina S.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M. F. R.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700580","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700580","article-title":"A selective electrocatalyst\u2013based direct methanol fuel cell operated at high concentrations of methanol","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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