{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:58:25Z","timestamp":1769025505318,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16.16.210.476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.210.476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology","award":["16.16.210.476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.210.476"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science","award":["16.16.210.476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.210.476"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adsorption chillers produce cold energy, using heat instead of electricity, thus reducing electrical energy consumption. A major industrial waste, fly ash, can be converted to zeolite and used in adsorption chillers as an adsorbent. In this research, three different types of zeolites were synthesised from fly ash via a hydrothermal reaction in an alkaline solution (NaOH). The obtained samples (Na-A zeolites) were modified with K2CO3 to increase the water adsorption capacity of these samples. Phase and morphology analyses shows that desired zeolites formed properly but other crystalline phases also exist along with nonporous amorphous phases. The determined specific surface areas for Na-A zeolite (12 h) and Na-A zeolite (24 h) are 45 m2\/g and 185 m2\/g respectively, while the specific surface area for synthesized 13X zeolite is almost negligible. Water-isotherm for each of these samples was measured. Considering the application of adsorption chillers, average adsorption capacity was very low, 1.73% and 1.27%, respectively, for the two most probable operating conditions for synthesized 13X zeolite, whereas no water was available for the evaporation from Na-A zeolite (12 h) and Na-A zeolite (24 h). This analysis implies that among the synthesized materials only 13X zeolite has a potential as an adsorber in sorption chillers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1665436031000},"page":"7444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Possibilities of Using Zeolites Synthesized from Fly Ash in Adsorption Chillers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7603-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Mlonka-M\u0119drala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tarikul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kalawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1828-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Sztekler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises Luzia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Mika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Wang, L., and Wu, J. (2014). Adsorption Refrigeration Technology: Theory and Application, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118197448"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IEA (2021, January 23). Cooling. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/cooling."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"IEA (2021, January 23). The Future of Cooling. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-future-of-cooling."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEA (2021, January 23). Explore Energy Data by Category, Indicator, Country or Region. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Electricity%20and%20heat&indicator=ElecGenByFuel."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wolak, E., and Kraszewski, S. (2016, January 17\u201319). An overview of adsorptive processes in refrigeration systems. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environment Development (SEED), Krakow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lenntech (2021, January 23). Zeolite Structure. Available online: https:\/\/www.lenntech.pl\/zeolites-structure-types.htm#:~:text=Zeolites%20are%20three%2Ddimensional%2C%20microporous,other%20through%20shared%20oxygen%."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"196","article-title":"A Review of the Chemistry, Structure, Properties and Applications of Zeolites","volume":"7","author":"Moshoeshoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2016). Zeolite A Type. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40872-4"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"9","article-title":"Crystallization of low silica Na-A and Na-X zeolites from transformation of kaolin and obsidian by alkaline fusion","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ing. Compet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-008-0327-5","article-title":"The safety of synthetic zeolites used in detergents","volume":"83","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/08927022.2012.685941","article-title":"The effects of structural parameters of zeolite on the adsorption of hydrogen: A molecular simulation study","volume":"38","author":"Rahmati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Simul."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2014). Zeolite X: Type. Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"168","article-title":"A Study on the Synthesis and Structure of Zeolite NaX","volume":"48","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106111","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and thermodynamic study of selected Na-based zeolites","volume":"135","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2022.100095","article-title":"A review on recent developments in Zeolite A synthesis for improved carbon dioxide capture: Implications for the water-energy nexus","volume":"7","author":"Indira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2021, April 14). DVS Vacuum-Surface Measurement System (Device Brochure). Available online: https:\/\/www.surfacemeasurementsystems.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2017\/08\/DVS_Vacuum.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1260\/0263-6174.31.4.341","article-title":"Models for Type VI Adsorption Isotherms from a Statistical Mechanical Formulation","volume":"31","author":"Yahia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"34","article-title":"Characterization of Micro\/Mesoporous Materials by Physisorption: Concepts and Case Studies","volume":"3","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Surf. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2016.01.006","article-title":"Experimental study on solar-powered adsorption refrigeration cycle with activated alumina and activated carbon as adsorbent","volume":"7","author":"Ambarita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2014.12.016","article-title":"Performance simulation of multi-bed silica gel-water adsorption chillers","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"75","article-title":"Study of the performance of a solar adsorption cooling system","volume":"1","author":"Sayfikar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Equip. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Brites, G., Costa, J., and Costa, V. (2021, April 14). Sustainable Refrigeration Based on The Solar Adsorption Cycle. Available online: https:\/\/inovenergy.inovcluster.pt\/media\/29412\/SUSTAINABLE_REFRIGERATION_BASED_ON_THE_SOLAR_ADSORPTION_CYCLE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2009.02.008","article-title":"Numerical analysis of an advanced three-bed mass recovery adsorption refrigeration cycle","volume":"29","author":"Uyun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9322(03)00103-4","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a low-temperature waste heat driven multi-bed adsorption chiller","volume":"29","author":"Saha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiph. Flow"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.060","article-title":"Effects of different adsorber bed designs on in-situ water uptake rate measurements of AQSOA FAM-Z02 for vehicle air conditioning applications","volume":"98","author":"Sharafian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanam, M., Jribi, S., Miyazaki, T., Saha, B.B., and Koyama, S. (2018). Energy Analysis and Performance Evaluation of the Adsorption Refrigeration System. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061499"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5614\/j.eng.technol.sci.2017.49.5.7","article-title":"A Study on Adsorption Refrigerator Driven by Solar Collector Using Indonesian Activated Carbon","volume":"49","author":"Sitorus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.02.118","article-title":"Performance analysis of a novel expansion valve and control valves designed for a waste heat-driven two-adsorber bed adsorption cooling system","volume":"100","author":"Sharafian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.08.005","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the optimal performance of Zeolite\u2013water adsorption chiller","volume":"102","author":"Myat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schawe, D. (2001). Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of an Adsorption Heat Pump with Heat Transfer between Two Adsorbers. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Process and Biotechnology, Faculty of Energy, University of Stuttgart]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Trindade, M.V. (2015). Modelling and Optimization of an Adsorption Cooling System for Automotive Applications. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Doctoral Program of Energy Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica De Valencia]. Available online: https:\/\/riunet.upv.es\/handle\/10251\/54120."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22734","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22734","article-title":"GIS-NaP1 zeolite microspheres as potential water adsorption material: Influence of initial silica concentration on adsorptive and physical\/topological properties","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/19\/7444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1760143766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/19\/7444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["en15197444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15197444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]}}}