{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:13:38Z","timestamp":1770329618082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.04803.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04803.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014Or\u00e7amento de Estado (FCT\u2013OE)","award":["2020.04803.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.04803.BD"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014Or\u00e7amento de Estado (FCT\u2013OE)","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\u2014Or\u00e7amento de Estado (FCT\u2013OE)","award":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to its high functionality, the solid state transformer (SST) represents an emerging technology with huge potential to replace the conventional low-frequency transformer (LFT) in a wide range of applications, including railway traction, smart grids, and others. On the other hand, model predictive control (MPC) has proven to be a highly promising control approach for several power electronics systems, especially those based on multiple power converters. Considering these facts, over recent years, different MPC techniques have been proposed for different types of SSTs. In addition to that, numerous MPC strategies have also been investigated for various power converters topologies that can be used in SSTs. However, a paper summarizing and discussing MPC strategies in the framework of SSTs has not yet been proposed in the literature, being the main goal of this work. In this paper, all the existing MPC techniques in complete SST topologies will be presented and discussed. In addition, for the sake of the example, an overview of MPC strategies in converter topologies typically used in SSTs will also be presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15228349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:34:52Z","timestamp":1667961292000},"page":"8349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Model Predictive Control for Solid State Transformers: Advances and Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DEEC), University of Coimbra\u2014Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra\u2014Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DEEC), University of Coimbra\u2014Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra\u2014Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2176-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Caseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra\u2014Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Eneida.io, Rua Alexandre Herculano 21B, P-3000-104 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2017.2685464","article-title":"Power Electronic Transformer-Based Railway Traction Systems: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19113","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967345","article-title":"State of the Art of Solid-State Transformers: Advanced Topologies, Implementation Issues, Recent Progress and Improvements","volume":"8","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2738610","article-title":"Applicability of Solid-State Transformers in Today\u2019s and Future Distribution Grids","volume":"10","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamshuddin, M.A., Rojas, F., Cardenas, R., Pereda, J., Diaz, M., and Kennel, R. (2020). Solid State Transformers: Concepts, Classification, and Control. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13092319"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2016.2614692","article-title":"Replacing the Grid Interface Transformer in Wind Energy Conversion System With Solid-State Transformer","volume":"32","author":"Syed","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3071683","article-title":"An MVDC-Based Meshed Hybrid Microgrid Enabled Using Smart Transformers","volume":"69","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2019.2958709","article-title":"Extreme Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles: A Technology Overview","volume":"5","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2952914","article-title":"Power-Linked Predictive Control Strategy for Power Electronic Traction Transformer","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7000111","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2018.2882411","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Technologies for Development of High Frequency Transformers with Advanced Magnetic Materials","volume":"29","author":"Sarker","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3037233","article-title":"FPGA-Based Submicrosecond-Level Real-Time Simulation of Solid-State Transformer With a Switching Frequency of 50 kHz","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, J.E., and Kolar, J.W. (2014, January 14\u201318). Volume\/weight\/cost comparison of a 1MVA 10 kV\/400 V solid-state against a conventional low-frequency distribution transformer. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Volume\/Weight\/Cost Comparison of a 1MVA 10 kV\/400 V Solid-State against a Conventional Low-Frequency Distribution Transformer, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2014.6954023"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2707581","article-title":"Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer (S4T)","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10400","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3038091","article-title":"Solid-State Transformer Based Fast Charging Station for Various Categories of Electric Vehicles With Batteries of Vastly Different Ratings","volume":"68","author":"Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3121532","article-title":"Latest Advances of Model Predictive Control in Electrical Drives\u2014Part I: Basic Concepts and Advanced Strategies","volume":"37","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2625238","article-title":"Model Predictive Control for Power Converters and Drives: Advances and Trends","volume":"64","author":"Vazquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/OJIA.2020.3020184","article-title":"Model Predictive Control of Power Electronic Systems: Methods, Results, and Challenges","volume":"1","author":"Karamanakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Guzm\u00e1n, R.E., Rivera, M., and Wheeler, P.W. (2020, January 26\u201328). Recent Advances of Predictive Control in Power Converters. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT45562.2020.9067169"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112410","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934185","article-title":"Comparison of Current Control Strategies Based on FCS-MPC and D-PI-PWM Control for Actively Damped VSCs With LCL-Filters","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2921283","article-title":"Cooperative and Dynamically Weighted Model Predictive Control of a 3-Level Uninterruptible Power Supply With Improved Performance and Dynamic Response","volume":"67","author":"Caseiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, T., Caseiro, L., Mendes, A., Cruz, S., and Perdig\u00e3o, M. (2021). Model Predictive Control for Paralleled Uninterruptible Power Supplies with an Additional Inverter Leg for Load-Side Neutral Connection. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082270"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Siada, A., Budiri, J., and Abdou, A.F. (2018). Solid State Transformers Topologies, Controllers, and Applications: State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7110298"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2923163","article-title":"Solid-State Transformers for Distribution Systems\u2013Part I: Technology and Construction","volume":"55","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107255","article-title":"A review on solid-state transformer: A breakthrough technology for future smart distribution grids","volume":"133","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Abu-Rub, H., and Ge, B. (2016, January 14\u201317). Model predictive control of matrix converter based solid state transformer. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.7474933"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Abu-Rub, H., Ge, B., Balog, R.S., and Xue, Y. (2016, January 18\u201322). Model predictive control of a matrix-converter based solid state transformer for utility grid interaction. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2016.7855250"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.04.293","article-title":"Real-time implementation of finite control set model predictive control for matrix converter based solid state transformer","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2679137","article-title":"Interactive Grid Interfacing System by Matrix-Converter-Based Solid State Transformer With Model Predictive Control","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Design and software implementation of solid state transformer","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buticchi, G., Tarisciotti, L., Wheeler, P., Shao, S., and Chen, L. (2021, January 20\u201323). Current and Voltage Model Predictive Control for a Three-Stage Smart Transformer. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE45552.2021.9576325"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarisciotti, L., Buticchi, G., De Carne, G., Yang, J., Gu, C., and Wheeler, P. (2021, January 10\u201314). Unified Cost Function Model Predictive Control for a three-stage Smart Transformer. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE47101.2021.9595809"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2021.3064418","article-title":"Model Predictive Direct Power Control of Three-Port Solid-State Transformer for Hybrid AC\/DC Zonal Microgrid Applications","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2224875","article-title":"Predictive Control of Series Stacked Flying-Capacitor Active Rectifiers","volume":"9","author":"Mouton","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Han, X., Prasad Kandula, R., and Divan, D. (2020, January 11\u201315). Dynamic DC-Link Current Minimization Control to Improve Current-Source Solid-State Transformer Efficiency. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE44975.2020.9236317"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Prasad Kandula, R., and Divan, D. (2020, January 11\u201315). Predictive Direct DC-Link Control for Active Power Decoupling of A Single-Phase Reduced DC-Link MV Solid-State Transformer. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE44975.2020.9235737"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, Z., Kandula, R.P., and Divan, D. (2021, January 10\u201314). Feed-Forward Compensation for Model Predictive Control in Tri-port Current-Source Medium-Voltage String Inverters for PV-Plus-Storage Farms. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE47101.2021.9595299"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2934070","article-title":"Model Predictive Control for Dual Active Bridge in Naval DC Microgrids Supplying Pulsed Power Loads Featuring Fast Transition and Online Transformer Current Minimization","volume":"67","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2021.3135373","article-title":"Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for Dual Active Bridge Converter","volume":"58","author":"Tarisciotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"du Toit, D., Mouton, T., Kennel, R., and Stolze, P. (2011, January 21\u201323). Predictive control for a series stacked flying-capacitor active rectifier. Proceedings of the 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA.2011.5975886"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Kandula, R.P., Kandasamy, K., and Divan, D. (2018, January 23\u201327). Fast Dynamic Control of Stacked Low Inertia Converters. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2018.8558217"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, D., Marellapudi, A., Kandula, R.P., and Divan, D. (2021, January 10\u201314). Oversampling Multi-Variable Control for Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE47101.2021.9595134"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Han, X., Kandula, R.P., Kandasamy, K., Saeedifard, M., and Divan, D. (2020, January 15\u201319). 7.2 kV Three-Port Single-Phase Single-Stage Modular Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer with Active Power Decoupling and Reduced DC-Link. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC39645.2020.9124244"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3030795","article-title":"Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer With Reduced Conduction Loss","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Kandula, R.P., and Divan, D. (2020, January 15\u201319). New Single-Stage Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer with Reduced Conduction Loss and Minimal Auxiliary Switch. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC39645.2020.9124346"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11326","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3066908","article-title":"SiC-Based 5-kV Universal Modular Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer (M-S4T) for Medium-Voltage DC Microgrids and Distribution Grids","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8934","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3050115","article-title":"Stacked Low-Inertia Converter or Solid-State Transformer: Modeling and Model Predictive Priority-Shifting Control for Voltage Balance","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14295","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3085679","article-title":"Robust Predictive Control for Modular Solid-State Transformer With Reduced DC Link and Parameter Mismatch","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8948","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2780244","article-title":"Predictive Control of a Series-Interleaved Multicell Three-Level Boost Power-Factor-Correction Converter","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, D., Zhang, Z., Liu, C., Tian, W., Gao, X., and Kennel, R. (2021, January 20\u201322). Modulated Model Predictive Control of Power Electronics Transformer Based on Isolated Modular Multilevel Converter. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE), Jinan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRECEDE51386.2021.9680957"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghgooyi, P., Khaburi, D.A., Khosravi, M., Heshmatian, S., Rodriguez, J., and Pe\u00f1ailillo, C.G. (June, January 31). A Hybrid Control Method Based on Model Predictive Control for Controlling the Rectifier Stage of Power Electronic Transformers. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE), Quanzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRECEDE.2019.8753297"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2300056","article-title":"Modulated Model Predictive Control for a Seven-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Back-to-Back Converter","volume":"61","author":"Tarisciotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2429113","article-title":"Multiobjective Modulated Model Predictive Control for a Multilevel Solid-State Transformer","volume":"51","author":"Tarisciotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11673","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3172957","article-title":"Predictive Direct DC-Link Control for 7.2 kV Three-Port Low-Inertia Solid-State Transformer With Active Power Decoupling","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srdic, S., Liang, X., Zhang, C., Yu, W., and Lukic, S. (2016, January 18\u201322). A SiC-based high-performance medium-voltage fast charger for plug-in electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2016.7854777"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2923355","article-title":"An Isolated Modular Multilevel Converter (I-M2C) Topology Based on High-Frequency Link (HFL) Concept","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Watson, A.J., Wheeler, P.W., and Clare, J.C. (September, January 30). Field programmable gate array based control of Dual Active Bridge DC\/DC Converter for the UNIFLEX-PM project. Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Birmingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zan, W., Chai, M., Bhandari, S., and Panda, S.K. (2018, January 22\u201325). Advanced Model Predictive Control Methods for Bidirectional Three-Phase Two-Level Converter for Solid State Transformers. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies\u2014Asia (ISGT Asia), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-Asia.2018.8467780"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zha, Y., Zhang, T., and Chen, S. (2016, January 12\u201315). Predictive direct power control for rectifier stage of solid state transformer. Proceedings of the 2016 12th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCICA.2016.7578479"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2917869","article-title":"Generalized Model Predictive Control Method for Single-Phase N-Level Flying Capacitor Multilevel Rectifiers for Solid State Transformer","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.H., and Kim, R.y. (2022, January 15\u201319). Model Predictive Control with Reduced Computation for N-cell Cascaded Flying Capacitor H-Bridge Converter in Solid-State Transformer. Proceedings of the 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC\u2014Himeji 2022\u2014ECCE Asia), Himeji, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/IPEC-Himeji2022-ECCE53331.2022.9807047"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3096947","article-title":"Dual-Stage Control Strategy for a Flying Capacitor Converter Based on Model Predictive and Linear Controllers","volume":"18","author":"Lezana","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54730","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3175488","article-title":"Hierarchical Single-Objective Model Predictive Control With Reduced Computational Burden in Cascaded H-Bridge Converter Based on 3-Level Flying Capacitor Unit Cell","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111039","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3103070","article-title":"FCS-MPC Based Pre-Filtering Stage for Computational Efficiency in a Flying Capacitor Converter","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6560","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2871789","article-title":"Modeling and Hierarchical Structure Based Model Predictive Control of Cascaded Flying Capacitor Bridge Multilevel Converter for Active Front-End Rectifier in Solid-State Transformer","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, Y.H., Kim, S.H., and Kim, R.Y. (November, January 30). Model Predictive Control for Cascaded Flying Capacitor Cell Multilevel Converter. Proceedings of the 2018 Asian Conference on Energy, Power and Transportation Electrification (ACEPT), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACEPT.2018.8610690"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2021.3053300","article-title":"Model Predictive Sliding Control for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converters With Dynamic Current Reference Tracking","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11785","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3065003","article-title":"FCS-MPC Without Steady-State Error Applied to a Grid-Connected Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter","volume":"36","author":"Baier","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223637","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044226","article-title":"A Hybrid FCS-MPC With Low and Fixed Switching Frequency Without Steady-State Error Applied to a Grid-Connected CHB Inverter","volume":"8","author":"Baier","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez, R.O., Baier, C.R., Espinoza, J., and Villarroel, F. (2020). Finite Control Set MPC with Fixed Switching Frequency Applied to a Grid Connected Single-Phase Cascade H-Bridge Inverter. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13205475"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2918144","article-title":"Improved Performance With Dual-Model Predictive Control for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter","volume":"55","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2833055","article-title":"Model Predictive Control of a Multilevel CHB STATCOM in Wind Farm Application Using Diophantine Equations","volume":"66","author":"Nasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3056953","article-title":"Modulated Model Predictive Control for Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Converter-Based Static Synchronous Compensator","volume":"69","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Wu, M., Aguilera, R.P., Lu, D.D.C., Liu, Q., and Vazquez, S. (2022). Low Computational Burden Model Predictive Control for Single-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge Converters Without Weighting Factor, (early access). IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2022.3167133"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9619","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3026299","article-title":"Phase-Shifted Model Predictive Control to Achieve Power Balance of CHB Converters for Large-Scale Photovoltaic Integration","volume":"68","author":"Cuzmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, P.J., Galv\u00e1n, L., Galv\u00e1n, E., Carrasco, J.M., and V\u00e1zquez, S. (2021, January 13\u201316). Optimal Switching Sequence Model Predictive Control for Single-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge. Proceedings of the IECON 2021\u201447th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON48115.2021.9589627"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Xu, G., Wang, L., Yuan, Y., and Zhou, J. (2021, January 28\u201330). A Novel Clustered Voltage Balance for Cascaded H-Bridge STATCOM with CCS-MPC. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 4th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIEEC50170.2021.9510439"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1049\/elp2.12089","article-title":"Improved two-stage model predictive control method for modular multi-level converter","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.07.016","article-title":"Model predictive direct power control for modular multilevel converter under unbalanced conditions with power compensation and circulating current reduction","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2868312","article-title":"A Novel Two-Stage Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter With Reduced Computation","volume":"66","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11621","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3036214","article-title":"Predictor-Based Neural Network Finite-Set Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7310","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2882690","article-title":"Modified Increased-Level Model Predictive Control Methods With Reduced Computation Load for Modular Multilevel Converter","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2021.3124315","article-title":"Arm-Current-Based Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter Under Unbalanced Grid Conditions","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2021.3074863","article-title":"Sequential Phase-Shifted Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converters","volume":"36","author":"Poblete","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54700","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3069079","article-title":"Model Predictive Arm Current Control for Modular Multilevel Converter","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10316","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050340","article-title":"A Novel Sliding-Discrete-Control-Set Modulated Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Tan, G., Wang, Q., and Zhang, X. (2020, January 1\u20134). A model predictive control method based on space vector modulation for MMC. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 1st China International Youth Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIYCEE), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIYCEE49808.2020.9332556"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, S., Jeong, M., and Biela, J. (2019, January 14\u201317). Long Horizon, Quadratic Programming Based Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Grid Connected Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC). Proceedings of the IECON 2019\u201445th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2019.8927493"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajare, P.M., Chakraborty, R., and Dey, A. (2020, January 25\u201326). A Simplified Modulated Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converter. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE First International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC), Nagpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/STPEC49749.2020.9297791"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"529","article-title":"A Low-Computation Indirect Model Predictive Control for Modular Multilevel Converters","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2844842","article-title":"Model-Predictive-Control-Based Capacitor Voltage Balancing Strategies for Modular Multilevel Converters","volume":"66","author":"Mora","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Pang, Y., Xia, J., Chai, N., Tian, W., Rodriguez, J., and Kennel, R. (2022). Modulated Model Predictive Control of Modular Multilevel Converters Operating in a Wide Frequency Range. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3090705"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, G., Lei, W., Cui, Y., Li, K., Hu, X., Xu, J., and Lv, G. (2019, January 3\u20136). Model Predictive Control of Dual Active Bridge Converter Based on the Lookup Table Method. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PEDG.2019.8807650"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guennouni, N., Chebak, A., and Machkour, N. (2022). Optimal Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter Operation with Minimal Reactive Power for Battery Electric Vehicles Using Model Predictive Control. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11101621"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseinzadehtaher, M., Khan, A., Baker, M.W., and Shadmand, M.B. (2019, January 19\u201321). Model Predictive Self-healing Control Scheme for Dual Active Bridge Converter. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (SGRE), Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/SGRE46976.2019.9020930"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., He, H., Wang, X., Dong, Z., and Zhang, Z. (2021, January 20\u201322). Current-Sensorless Model Predictive Control of Dual Active Bridge Converters with Kalman Filter. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE), Jinan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRECEDE51386.2021.9681004"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2015.1028479","article-title":"Model predictive control of bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for energy conversion system","volume":"102","author":"Akter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, M., Mijatovic, N., Rodriguez, J., and Dragi\u010devi\u0107, T. (2022, January 15\u201317). Voltage Control Strategy for DAB power converter based on MDCS-MPC. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITEC53557.2022.9813869"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Yang, X., Nong, R., Li, Z., Zheng, T.Q., and Kobrle, P. (December, January 29). Multi-objective Optimization Control for Input-Series Output-Parallel Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC Converter in EER Application. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 9th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2020-ECCE Asia), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPEMC-ECCEAsia48364.2020.9368169"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3059548","article-title":"Extended-State-Observer Based Model Predictive Control of a Hybrid Modular DC Transformer","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2019.1061","article-title":"Model predictive control of input-series output-parallel dual active bridge converters based DC transformer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2018.2823364","article-title":"Model Predictive Control With Power Self-Balancing of the Output Parallel DAB DC\u2013DC Converters in Power Electronic Traction Transformer","volume":"6","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, S., and Li, H. (2021, January 14\u201317). Model Predictive Control of an Arm Inductor-less MMC-based DC SST. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC42165.2021.9487186"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, S.P., Dong, X., and Li, H. (2022). Model Development and Predictive Control of a Low-Inertia DC Solid State Transformer (SST), (early access). IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron.","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3159621"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2021.3069150","article-title":"Modulated MPC for Arm Inductor-Less MVDC MMC With Reduced Computational Burden","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, S.M., Hasan, A., Watson, A., Wheeler, P., and Odhano, S. (2020, January 18\u201321). Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control of Isolated DC\/DC Modular Multilevel Converter. Proceedings of the IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON43393.2020.9254434"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/22\/8349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:49Z","timestamp":1760145169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/22\/8349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["en15228349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15228349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}