{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:46:24Z","timestamp":1768686384199,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Regional Development Fund","award":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/3\/19\/501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/3\/19\/501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a practical thermal model of a synchronous generator for high-power applications. This model couples the lumped parameter thermal network and coolant network together to utilize the impact of the coolant\u2019s temperature rising over the machine. Furthermore, the advanced multi-planes technique provides a more precise and higher resolution temperature distribution of various machine sections. Therefore, the machines are divided into five planes; three belong to the active part, and two are added to model the machine\u2019s drive and non-drive end-regions. Furthermore, the paper pays special attention to describing the challenges and providing solutions to them during the heat transfer modeling and analysis. Finally, the analytical model is verified using experimental results on a synchronous generator with a salient pole rotor and an open self-ventilation (OSV) cooling system by comparing the analytical and experimental results. As a result, good correspondence between the estimated and measurement results is achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15249460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T03:21:52Z","timestamp":1670988112000},"page":"9460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Steady-State Thermal Modeling of Salient Pole Synchronous Generator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6917-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam","family":"Shams Ghahfarokhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Machines and Apparatus, Riga Technical University, Ka\u013c\u0137u iela 1, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"},{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrejs","family":"Podgornovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Machines and Apparatus, Riga Technical University, Ka\u013c\u0137u iela 1, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ants","family":"Kallaste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Marques Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISE\u2014Electromechatronic Systems Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, P-6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anouar","family":"Belahcen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toomas","family":"Vaimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Kudrjavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Estonia, Aruk\u00fcla tee 83, 75301 J\u00fcri, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5915-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shams Ghahfarokhi, P., Kallaste, A., Podgornov, A., Belahcen, A., Vaimann, T., and Kudrjavtsev, O. 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