{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:11:59Z","timestamp":1762081919681,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"]}]},{"name":"GECAD research center","award":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00760\/2020","UIDB\/00760\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By empowering consumers and enabling them as active players in the power and energy sector, demand flexibility requires more precise and sophisticated load modeling. In this paper, a laboratory testbed was designed and implemented for surveying the behavior of laboratory loads in different network conditions by using real-time simulation. Power hardware-in-the-loop was used to validate the load models by testing various technical network conditions. Then, in the emulation phase, the real-time simulator controlled a power amplifier and different laboratory equipment to provide a realistic testbed for validating the load models under different voltage and frequency conditions. In the case study, the power amplifier was utilized to supply a resistive load to emulate several consumer load modeling. Through the obtained results, the errors for each load level and the set of all load levels were calculated and compared. Furthermore, a fixed consumption level was considered. The frequency was changed to survey the behavior of the load during the grid\u2019s instabilities. In the end, a set of mathematical equations were proposed to calculate power consumption with respect to the actual voltage and frequency variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T05:38:43Z","timestamp":1672205923000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Realistic Load Modeling for Efficient Consumption Management Using Real-Time Simulation and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zita","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GECAD\u2014Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development, LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khorasany, M., Azuatalam, D., Glasgow, R., Liebman, A., and Razzaghi, R. 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