{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:50:53Z","timestamp":1776444653518,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)-Aveiro Research Centre for Risks and Sustainability in Construction (RISCO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)-Aveiro Research Centre for Risks and Sustainability in Construction (RISCO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)-Aveiro Research Centre for Risks and Sustainability in Construction (RISCO)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A large part of the European building stock was built before implementing the recent energy and structural codes, resulting in buildings characterized by deficiencies in terms of comfort, energy savings and structural safety. The retrofitting and rehabilitation of the existing building stock need to be adequately performed, aiming to improve the seismic and energy performance simultaneously. The work summarized here is dedicated to defining priority scenarios for buildings\u2019 retrofitting to improve the seismic safety and energy efficiency of the European Union (EU) building stock. First, the state of the EU building stock is analysed in terms of buildings\u2019 age, types of structures, energy efficiency, energy consumption and energy poverty. Then, the EU climate demands are presented, namely the regions with higher temperature variations, i.e., heating or cooling degree days. The EU seismic risk is also presented and discussed in terms of average annual losses, average annual economic losses and average annual life losses. Based on these input parameters, nine seismic\u2013climate regions in the EU are proposed using a simplified approach. Finally, retrofitting scenarios are proposed for two types of buildings (i.e., masonry and reinforced concrete) based on their seismic\u2013climate region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16052408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T01:43:00Z","timestamp":1677807780000},"page":"2408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Simplified Guidelines for Retrofitting Scenarios in the European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1215-8051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Furtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Varum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105274","article-title":"Integrated seismic and energy retrofitting of existing buildings: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"61","author":"Pohoryles","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-017-0277-5","article-title":"Seismic response of RC buildings during the Mw 6.0 August 24, 2016 Central Italy earthquake: The Amatrice case study","volume":"17","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Parliament, E. (2016). Boosting Building Renovation: What Potential and Value for Europe, European Parliament. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120520","article-title":"Experimental tests on strengthening strategies for masonry infill walls: A literature review","volume":"263","author":"Furtado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.05.015","article-title":"Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insultation materials and solutions-properties, requirements and possibilities","volume":"43","author":"Jelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2019.1650133","article-title":"Towards Resilience and Sustainability for Historic Buildings: A Review of Envelope Retrofit Possibilities and a Discussion on Hygric Compatibility of Thermal Insulations","volume":"15","author":"Posani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupakhety, R., and \u00d3lafsson, S. (2018). Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics in Memory of Ragnar Sigbj\u00f6rnsson: Selected Topics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62099-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2004.05.006","article-title":"State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments","volume":"37","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.101177","article-title":"Development of polyurethane foam incorporating phase change material for thermal energy storage","volume":"28","author":"Amaral","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650752","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/650752","article-title":"External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems: Critical Parameters for Surface Hygrothermal Behaviour","volume":"2014","author":"Barreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2015.1119064","article-title":"Evaluation of different strengthening techniques\u2019 efficiency for a soft storey building","volume":"21","author":"Furtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03119001","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000950","article-title":"Seismic Retrofit Schemes with FRP for Deficient RC Beam-Column Joints: State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"23","author":"Pohoryles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.01.028","article-title":"Seismic retrofit options for non-structural building partition walls: Impact on loss estimation and cost-benefit analysis","volume":"161","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.01.025","article-title":"Seismic strengthening of infilled reinforced concrete frames by CFRP","volume":"91","author":"Erol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.113029","article-title":"The use of textile-reinforced mortar as a strengthening technique for the infill walls out-of-plane behaviour","volume":"255","author":"Furtado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.110203","article-title":"Experimental analysis of strengthening solutions for the out-of-plane collapse of masonry infills in RC structures through textile reinforced mortars","volume":"207","author":"Furtado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-015-9845-8","article-title":"A performance based approach for the seismic assessment and rehabilitation of existing RC buildings","volume":"15","author":"Negro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.08.010","article-title":"Mathematical micromodeling of infilled frames: State of the art","volume":"56","author":"Asteris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2663","article-title":"Simplified macro-model for infill masonry walls considering the out-of-plane behaviour","volume":"45","author":"Furtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerv\u00e1sio, H., Dimova, S., and Pinto, A.V. (2018). Benchmarking the Life-Cycle Environmental Performance of Buildings. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10051454"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2015.04.005","article-title":"Towards a methodology to include building energy simulation uncertainty in the Life Cycle Cost analysis of rehabilitation alternatives","volume":"2","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.05.007","article-title":"Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview","volume":"42","author":"Ramesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"DGNB (2020). DGNB System: Buildings in Use, Criteria Set, Version 2020, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"BRE (2017). BREEAM USA in-Use Technical Manual, PD130 1.1:2016, Building Research Establishment (BRE)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). Maintenance and Update of the EU Building Stock Observatory\u2014Final Report (ENER\/C3\/2016-547\/01), European Commission."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2021.1916852","article-title":"Seismic Response of Masonry Buildings in Historical Centres Struck by the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake. Impact of Building Features on Damage Evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Valluzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293019899953","article-title":"Development of a global seismic risk model","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2020.104803","article-title":"Learning from failure: Damage and failure of masonry structures, after the 2017 Lesvos earthquake (Greece)","volume":"117","author":"Vlachakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2014.885996","article-title":"Analysis of the Out-Of-Plane Seismic Behavior of Unreinforced Masonry: A Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2005). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance\u2014Part 1-1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furtado, A., Rodrigues, H., Ar\u00eade, A., and Varum, H. (2021). A Review of the Performance of Infilled RC Structures in Recent Earthquakes. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11135889"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-013-9499-3","article-title":"Performance of buildings with masonry infill walls during the 2011 Lorca earthquake","volume":"12","author":"Hermanns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1999","article-title":"The structural role played by masonry infills on RC building performances after the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake","volume":"12","author":"Verderame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Risi, M.T., Del Gaudio, C., and Verderame, G.M. (2019). Evaluation of Repair Costs for Masonry Infills in RC Buildings from Observed Damage Data: The Case-Study of the 2009 L\u2019Aquila Earthquake. Buildings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings9050122"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"625","article-title":"Combined seismic and energy upgrading of existing reinforced concrete buildings using TRM jacketing and thermal insulation","volume":"16","author":"Gkournelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earthq. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322","article-title":"Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings","volume":"225","author":"Economidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110024","article-title":"Energy performance of existing residential buildings in Europe: A novel approach combining energy with seismic retrofitting","volume":"223","author":"Pohoryles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gkatzogias, K., Crowley, H., Veljkovic, A., Pohoryles, D.A., Norl\u00e9n, H., Tsionis, G., and Bournas, D.A. (2022). Prioritising EU regions for building renovation: Seismic risk, energy efficiency, socioeconomic vulnerability. Jt. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Crowley, H. (2021). Technical report on the impact of seismic retrofit in priority regions. In Pilot Project\u2014Integrated Techniques for the Seismic Strengthening and Energy Efficiency of Existing Buildings."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2015). Greek Interventions Regulation (KANEPE)."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/5\/2408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:46:24Z","timestamp":1760121984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/5\/2408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en16052408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16052408","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]}}}