{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:45Z","timestamp":1760149065204,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (FCT-MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/00068\/2020","EXPL\/FIS-OTI\/0332\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00068\/2020","EXPL\/FIS-OTI\/0332\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A compact side-pumped solar laser design using a Ce:Nd:YAG laser medium is here proposed to improve the TEM00-mode solar laser output performance, more specifically the beam brightness. The solar laser performance of the Ce:Nd:YAG laser head was numerically studied by both ZEMAX\u00ae v13 and LASCADTM v1 software. Maximum multimode laser power of 99.5 W was computed for the 4.1 mm diameter, 34 mm length grooved rod, corresponding to a collection efficiency of 33.2 W\/m2. To extract TEM00-mode solar laser, symmetric and asymmetric optical resonators were investigated. For the 4.1 mm diameter, 34 mm length grooved rod, maximum TEM00-mode solar laser collection efficiency of 22.9 W\/m2 and brightness figure of merit of 62.4 W were computed using the symmetric optical resonator. While, for the asymmetric optical resonator, the maximum fundamental mode solar laser collection efficiency of 16.1 W\/m2 and brightness figure of merit of 37.3 W were numerically achieved. The asymmetric resonator offered a TEM00-mode laser power lower than the one obtained using the symmetric resonator; however, a collimated laser beam was extracted from the asymmetric resonator, unlike the divergent TEM00-mode laser beam provided by the symmetric resonator. Nevertheless, using both optical resonators, the TEM00-mode Ce:Nd:YAG solar laser power and beam brightness figure of merit were significantly higher than the numerical values obtained by the previous Nd:YAG solar laser considering the same primary concentrator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16135143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:42:47Z","timestamp":1688434967000},"page":"5143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High Brightness Ce:Nd:YAG Solar Laser Pumping Approach with 22.9 W\/m2 TEM00-Mode Collection Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9370-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia R.","family":"Vistas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Catela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1rio","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno D.","family":"Tib\u00farcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFITEC, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lando, M., Kagan, J.A., Shimony, Y., Kalisky, Y.Y., Noter, Y., Yogev, A., Rotman, S.R., and Rosenwaks, S. 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