{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:22:16Z","timestamp":1778498536777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644876810-00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644876810-00000019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["C644876810-00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644876810-00000019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global interest in nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) has led to their establishment as mandatory building objectives in Europe for all new constructions starting in 2021. The principles outlined in the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) emphasize the significance of reducing energy demand through various energy efficiency measures to achieve NZEB status. Among these measures, the utilization of high-performance glazing systems plays a crucial role in ensuring natural light, ventilation, favorable solar gain, aesthetics, and positive psychological effects in buildings, while maintaining high energy performance and thermal comfort without burdening the budget or harming the environment. The use of increasingly larger glazing areas makes this topic of great relevance. Nevertheless, numerous studies frequently overlook certain crucial aspects of glazing systems in their assessments. This review study aims to assess different glazing solutions based on four critical perspectives called \u201cEThCE\u201d: Energy performance, thermal comfort, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact, considering their interrelationships. Furthermore, the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach for selecting the optimal glazing solution for NZEBs is discussed. Additionally, the relationship between glazing systems and climate change is taken into account. Ultimately, the authors propose a comprehensive approach, including all the influential factors, to assist designers and homeowners in making informed decisions regarding glazing system selection for new NZEBs or NZEB retrofits in different situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16176283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"6283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Comprehensive Review and Analysis of Glazing Systems towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings: Energy Performance, Thermal Comfort, Cost-Effectiveness, and Environmental Impact Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4289-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman Abolghasemi","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Itecons\u2014Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Rua Pedro Hispano, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itecons\u2014Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Rua Pedro Hispano, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gameiro da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAI (Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Aerodin\u00e2mica Industrial), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Itecons\u2014Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Rua Pedro Hispano, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CERIS (Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability), Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2023, June 10). World Energy Outlook 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2022."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, G., Verde, L., and Olofsson, T. (2022). A Review on Technical Challenges and Possibilities on Energy Efficient Retrofit Measures in Heritage Buildings. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15207472"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghaddam, S.A., Mattsson, M., Ameen, A., Akander, J., Da Silva, M.G., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (2021). Low-Emissivity Window Films as an Energy Retrofit Option for a Historical Stone Building in Cold Climate. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14227584"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallati, A., Di Matteo, M., and Fiorini, C.V. (2023). Retrofit Proposals for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Historic Public Buildings: The Case of the Engineering Faculty\u2019s Seat of Sapienza University. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16010151"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman\u00ed, J., Ramos, A., and Salom, J. (2022). Review of Transparent and Semi-Transparent Building-Integrated Photovoltaics for Fenestration Application Modeling in Building Simulations. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15093286"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112165","article-title":"Overview and future challenges of nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) design in Eastern Europe","volume":"267","author":"Attia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2021.100680","article-title":"Assessing Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) development in Europe","volume":"36","author":"Tzeiranaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Strat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamaria, B.M., Gonzalo, F.d.A., Aguirregabiria, B.L., and Ramos, J.A.H. (2020). Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption of Water Flow Glazing as a Radiant Heating and Cooling System: A Case Study of an Office Space. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187596"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104206","article-title":"Key drivers of life-cycle environmental and cost assessment of windows for different European climate zones","volume":"50","author":"Saadatian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.111960","article-title":"Analyzing the climate-driven energy demand and carbon emission for a prototype residential nZEB in central Sweden","volume":"261","author":"Sayadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, N., Moghaddam, S.A., and da Silva, M.G. (2023). Review of the Experimental Methods for Evaluation of Windows\u2019 Thermal Transmittance: From Standardized Tests to New Possibilities. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13030703"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.04.028","article-title":"Optimization of passive solar design strategies: A review","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.05.038","article-title":"Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows","volume":"26","author":"Kamalisarvestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30521\/jes.945193","article-title":"An evaluation of the glazing type impact on building energy performance through a building simulation","volume":"6","author":"Usta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108634","article-title":"Performance of smart glazed overhang systems for US residential buildings","volume":"208","author":"Krarti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110859","article-title":"Residential net-zero energy buildings: Review and perspective","volume":"142","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Ng, S.T., Hossain, U., and Skitmore, M. (2019). Energy-Efficient Window Retrofit for High-Rise Residential Buildings in Different Climatic Zones of China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11226473"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112268","article-title":"Dynamic insulation systems of building envelopes: A review","volume":"270","author":"Fawaier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111312","article-title":"Resilient cooling strategies\u2014A critical review and qualitative assessment","volume":"251","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111300","article-title":"Optimal window designs for Australian houses","volume":"250","author":"Simko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Curcija, C., and Selkowitz, S. (2014). Liquid-Applied Absorbing Solar Control Window Film Retrofit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u2014Windows and Envelope Materials Group."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112748","article-title":"Uncertainty in model prediction of energy savings in building retrofits: Case of thermal transmittance of windows","volume":"168","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.084","article-title":"A state-of-the-art review on innovative glazing technologies","volume":"41","author":"Cuce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbenv.2021.11.003","article-title":"Global technological advancement and challenges of glazed window, facade system and vertical greenery-based energy savings in buildings: A comprehensive review","volume":"4","author":"Akram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136607","article-title":"Evaluation of passive envelope systems with radiative sky cooling and thermally insulated glazing materials for cooling","volume":"398","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112828","article-title":"Energy, economic and environmental benefits of integrating passive design strategies into buildings: A review","volume":"167","author":"Elaouzy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.10.043","article-title":"Flow and heat transfer in double, triple and quadruple pane windows","volume":"86","author":"Karabay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.145","article-title":"PV glazing technologies","volume":"49","author":"Skandalos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.119916","article-title":"Energy efficiency optimization of PCM and aerogel-filled multiple glazing windows","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalo, F.d.A., Santamar\u00eda, B.M., and Ramos, J.A.H. (2023). Assessment of Water Flow Glazing as Building-Integrated Solar Thermal Collector. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010644"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.056","article-title":"Energy performance and economic viability of advanced window technologies for a new Finnish townhouse concept","volume":"162","author":"Pal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detsi, M., Manolitsis, A., Atsonios, I., Mandilaras, I., and Founti, M. (2020). Energy Savings in an Office Building with High Thermochromic and Electrochromic Layers. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13113020"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.01.049","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of energy-saving measures and operation parameters for a newly retrofitted building in future climate conditions: A case study of an office building in Chengdu","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.05.018","article-title":"Impact of fa\u00e7ade window design on energy, daylighting and thermal comfort in nearly zero-energy houses","volume":"102","author":"Vanhoutteghem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.201","article-title":"Literature review on the use of phase change materials in glazing and shading solutions","volume":"53","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.08.007","article-title":"Measurement of solar factor of glazing and shading devices using a solar calorimeter","volume":"144","author":"Marinoski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.01.032","article-title":"Solar heat gain coefficient of water flow glazings","volume":"139","author":"Sierra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdizadeh-Rad, H., Choudhry, T.A., Ng, A.W.M., Rajabi, Z., Rais, M.F., Zia, A., and Tariq, M.A.U.R. (2022). An Energy Performance Evaluation of Commercially Available Window Glazing in Darwin\u2019s Tropical Climate. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042394"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.01.055","article-title":"Energy performance and comfort in residential buildings: Sensitivity for building parameters and occupancy","volume":"92","author":"Ioannou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.03.058","article-title":"Analysis of a non-calorimetric method for assessment of in-situ thermal transmittance and solar factor of glazed systems","volume":"166","author":"Goia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.07.050","article-title":"Performance evaluation of material and comparison of different temperature control strategies of a Guarded Hot Box U-value Test Facility","volume":"105","author":"Basak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021). ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals, ASHRAE. [SI ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-017-9544-1","article-title":"Hot-cool box calorimetric determination of the solar heat gain coefficient and the U-value of internal shading devices","volume":"10","author":"Villalba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.02.049","article-title":"Exploring energy consumption for less energy-hungry building in UK using advanced aerogel window","volume":"253","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal Transmittance (U-value) Evaluation of Innovative Window Technologies","volume":"6","author":"Riffat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Futur. Cities Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.02.029","article-title":"Windows in the buildings of tomorrow: Energy losers or energy gainers?","volume":"61","author":"Grynning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111753","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of the performance for switchable insulated shading systems","volume":"256","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2015.07.029","article-title":"Energy labeling of windows\u2014Possibilities and limitations","volume":"120","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.12.044","article-title":"State of the art of advanced solar control devices for buildings","volume":"154","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-021-10008-7","article-title":"Retrofit with Passive House components","volume":"15","author":"Bastian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134257","article-title":"An optimized solution for retrofitting building fa\u00e7ades: Energy efficiency and cost-benefit analysis from a life cycle perspective","volume":"376","author":"Tushar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112053","article-title":"Energy, comfort, and environmental assessment of passive techniques integrated into low-energy residential buildings in semi-arid climate","volume":"263","author":"Mousavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"706","article-title":"Effect of different windows\u2019 glazing types on energy consumption of a residential building in a hot-arid climate \u201cCase Study: Residential Building in New Cairo City\u201d","volume":"47","author":"Faggal","year":"2019","journal-title":"JES J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, J., Teixeira, H., Gomes, M.d.G., and Rodrigues, A.M. (2022). Performance of Solar Control Films on Building Glazing: A Literature Review. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125923"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Moghaddam, S.A., Sim\u00f5es, N., and Da Silva, M.G. (2023, January 27\u201330). Impacts of outdoor boundary conditions on the u-value and condensation risk of glazing systems with indoor-facing low emissivity window films. Proceedings of the CEES 2023|2nd International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment & Sustainability, Funchal, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.102099","article-title":"Effects of different window configurations on energy consumption in building: Optimization and economic analysis","volume":"35","author":"Heydari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidzadeh, Z., and Matin, N.H. (2023). A Comparative Study on Smart Windows Focusing on Climate-Based Energy Performance and Users\u2019 Comfort Attributes. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032294"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalo, F.d.A., Santamaria, B.M., Gea, J.A.F., Griffin, M., and Ramos, J.A.H. (2021). Zero Energy Building Economic and Energetic Assessment with Simulated and Real Data Using Photovoltaics and Water Flow Glazing. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14113272"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012118","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2069\/1\/012118","article-title":"Impact of Phase Change Material (PCM) glazing on the energy consumption and solar radiation transmission in an office room located in a semi-arid climate: Analysis of a real-scale experiment","volume":"2069","author":"Uribe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.104183","article-title":"Dynamic coupled heat transfer and energy conservation performance of multilayer glazing window filled with phase change material in summer day","volume":"49","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117327","article-title":"Optical and thermal performance of glazing units containing PCM in buildings: A review","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.06.029","article-title":"Responsive glazing systems: Characterisation methods and winter performance","volume":"155","author":"Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arasteh, H., Maref, W., and Saber, H.H. (2023). Energy and Thermal Performance Analysis of PCM-Incorporated Glazing Units Combined with Passive and Active Techniques: A Review Study. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16031058"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.009","article-title":"Toward multi-functional PV glazing technologies in low\/zero carbon buildings: Heat insulation solar glass\u2014Latest developments and future prospects","volume":"60","author":"Cuce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106111","article-title":"Performance of prototype tandem UV filter and organic transparent photovoltaic windows","volume":"68","author":"Salom","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113522","article-title":"Thermochromic smart window technologies for building application: A review","volume":"255","author":"Aburas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, D., Yeung, C., Habets, R., Vroon, Z., and Buskens, P. (2020). Static and Thermochromically Adaptive Energy-Efficient Glazing in Various Climate Regions. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112842"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.11.043","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of thermochromic glazing properties to enhance building energy performance","volume":"249","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112110","article-title":"Decision-making process for thermal comfort and energy efficiency optimization coupling smart-window and natural ventilation in the warm and hot climates","volume":"266","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"32","article-title":"Thermal comfort and energy analyses of a window retrofit with dynamic glazing","volume":"60","author":"Mora","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASHRAE J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100417","article-title":"A multi-objective evaluation for envelope refurbishments with electrochromic glazing","volume":"14","author":"Kheybari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/civileng2040055","article-title":"Controlling Switchable Electrochromic Glazing for Energy Savings, Visual Comfort and Thermal Comfort: A Model Predictive Control","volume":"2","author":"Kheybari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Civileng"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119646","article-title":"Comprehensive energy, economic and thermal comfort assessments for the passive energy retrofit of historical buildings\u2014A case study of a late nineteenth-century Victorian house renovation in the UK","volume":"220","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.017","article-title":"Implementing natural ventilation and daylighting strategies for thermal comfort and energy efficiency in office buildings in Burkina Faso","volume":"9","author":"Zoure","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of designer aids for energy efficient residential window retrofit solutions","volume":"33","author":"Ariosto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.08.086","article-title":"Determination of optimal energy-efficient integrated daylighting systems into building windows","volume":"209","author":"Reffat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"101109","article-title":"Energy performance of window with PCM frame","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaik, S., Gorantla, K., Ghosh, A., Arumugam, C., and Maduru, V.R. (2021). Energy Savings and Carbon Emission Mitigation Prospective of Building\u2019s Glazing Variety, Window-to-Wall Ratio and Wall Thickness. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14238020"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2017.11.023","article-title":"Influence of architectural building envelope characteristics on energy performance in Central European climatic conditions","volume":"15","author":"Kristl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayadi, S., Hayati, A., and Salmanzadeh, M. (2021). Optimization of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Buildings Located in Different Climates: An IDA-Indoor Climate and Energy Simulation Study. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14071974"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109684","article-title":"Identifying relative importance of solar design determinants on office building fa\u00e7ade for cooling loads and thermal comfort in hot-humid climates","volume":"226","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03052","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/201911103052","article-title":"Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Different Glazing and Shading Systems in a School Building","volume":"111","author":"Khalaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107516","article-title":"Integrated environmental, energy and cost life-cycle analysis of windows: Optimal selection of components","volume":"188","author":"Saadatian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110190","article-title":"Evaluation of glazing retrofitting solution for the tropics","volume":"223","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Bao, Y., and Liu, H. (2023, June 10). Influence of Windows Performance Parameters Changes on Building Energy Consumption. Int. High Perform. Build. Conf. Purdue 2010. Available online: https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/ihpbc\/22\/."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105354","article-title":"Evaluation of the solar heat gain coefficient of innovative aerogel glazing systems: Experimental campaigns and numerical results","volume":"62","author":"Hassani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.09.019","article-title":"Passive design optimization of low energy buildings in different climates","volume":"165","author":"Harkouss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2020.100812","article-title":"Numerical investigation of indoor thermal comfort and air quality for a multi-purpose hall with various shading and glazing ratios","volume":"22","author":"Amini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalm\u00e1r, F., and Kalm\u00e1r, T. (2020). Thermal Comfort Aspects of Solar Gains during the Heating Season. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13071702"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"175","article-title":"A study of Indoor Environment of Large Glazed Office Building in Semi Arid Climate","volume":"29","author":"Badeche","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2008.12.012","article-title":"Spectral effects on the transmittance, solar heat gain, and performance rating of glazing systems","volume":"83","author":"Gueymard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2007.10.004","article-title":"Different glazing systems and their impact on human thermal comfort\u2014Indian scenario","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.12.004","article-title":"Thermal and visual comfort analysis of adaptive vacuum integrated switchable suspended particle device window for temperate climate","volume":"156","author":"Nundy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, H., Gomes, M.d.G., Rodrigues, A.M., and Pereira, J. (2021). In-Service Thermal and Luminous Performance Monitoring of a Refurbished Building with Solar Control Films on the Glazing System. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14051388"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2019.08.049","article-title":"Numerical studies of thermal comfort for semi-transparent building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)-vacuum glazing system","volume":"190","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1556\/606.2021.00361","article-title":"Measuring the effects of heated windows on thermal comfort","volume":"16","author":"Lovig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pollack Period."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.102659","article-title":"The effect of doped glazing on thermal comfort: A case study of solar decathlon Africa","volume":"41","author":"Zouini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.05.164","article-title":"Enviro-economic assessment of buildings decarbonization scenarios in hot climates: Mindset toward energy-efficiency","volume":"8","author":"William","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.54028\/NJ20201997118","article-title":"The Correlation Between Occupant Thermal Comfort and Discomfort Glare in Office Buildings in the Tropics: A Case Study in Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Chaloeytoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nakhara J. Environ. Des. Plan."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110204","article-title":"Critical review and quantitative evaluation of indoor thermal comfort indices and models incorporating solar radiation effects","volume":"224","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.7764\/RDLC.20.1.106","article-title":"Application of thermal comfort assessment models to indoor areas near glazed walls\u2014Experimental evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.09.004","article-title":"Modeling the comfort effects of short-wave solar radiation indoors","volume":"88","author":"Arens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.110974","article-title":"Tailored WBGT as a heat stress index to assess the direct solar radiation effect on indoor thermal comfort","volume":"242","author":"Mirzabeigi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.09.050","article-title":"Responsive glazing systems: Characterisation methods, summer performance and implications on thermal comfort","volume":"158","author":"Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120239","article-title":"Simultaneous design and control optimization of smart glazed windows","volume":"328","author":"Lantonio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111765","article-title":"Cost-related analysis of implementing energy-efficient retrofit measures in the residential building sector of a middle-income country\u2014A case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"257","author":"Aganovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altun, A.F. (2022). Determination of Optimum Building Envelope Parameters of a Room concerning Window-to-Wall Ratio, Orientation, Insulation Thickness and Window Type. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030383"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113295","article-title":"Sustainability of building-integrated bioclimatic design strategies depending on energy affordability","volume":"179","author":"Elaouzy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamaria, B.M., Gonzalo, F.d.A., Griffin, M., Aguirregabiria, B.L., and Ramos, J.A.H. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Dynamic Water Flow Glazing Envelopes: A Case Study with Real Test Facilities. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082195"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asdrubali, F., Roncone, M., and Grazieschi, G. (2021). Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14133788"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103138","article-title":"Adopting an integrated building energy simulation and life cycle assessment framework for the optimisation of facades and fenestration in building envelopes","volume":"43","author":"Feehan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132624","article-title":"Environmental and cost life-cycle approach to support selection of windows in early stages of building design","volume":"363","author":"Saadatian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121083","article-title":"Energy, environmental and economic analysis of windows\u2019 retrofit with solar control films: A case study in Mediterranean climate","volume":"233","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-020-01891-2","article-title":"A comparative life cycle assessment of three high-performance glazing systems for office buildings in a hot desert climate zone","volume":"22","author":"Elkhayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11141-z","article-title":"The effect of energy-saving options on environmental performance of a building: A combination of energy audit\u2013life cycle assessment for a university building","volume":"28","author":"Banar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112589","article-title":"On the tradeoffs between embodied and operational carbon in building envelope design: The impact of local climates and energy grids","volume":"278","author":"Echenagucia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.102042","article-title":"Embodied impacts of window systems: A comparative assessment of framing and glazing alternatives","volume":"35","author":"Saadatian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2012). Sustainability of Construction Works, Environmental Product Declarations, Core Rules for the Product Category of Construction Products (Standard No. EN 15804: 2012)."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2011). Sustainability of Construction Works\u2014Assessment of Environmental Performance of Buildings\u2014Calculation Method (Standard No. EN 15978: 2011)."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125370","article-title":"Integrated operational and life-cycle modelling of energy, carbon and cost for building fa\u00e7ades","volume":"286","author":"Window","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raimundo, A.M., Saraiva, N.B., Pereira, L.D., and Rebelo, A.C. (2021). Market-Oriented Cost-Effectiveness and Energy Analysis of Windows in Portugal. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14133720"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110449","article-title":"Zero-energy log house\u2014Future concept for an energy efficient building in the Nordic conditions","volume":"228","author":"Kosonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.107641","article-title":"Data on nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) projects and best practices in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Tzeiranaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, B., Stobbe, M., Moser, C., and Garzia, F. (2023, June 10). Guideline II: nZEB Technolo- Gies: Report on Cost Reduction Potentials for Technical NZEB Solution Sets. Available online: https:\/\/cravezero.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2023, July 26). Passive House Database. Available online: https:\/\/passivehouse-database.org\/index.php."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athauda, R.S., Asmone, A.S., and Conejos, S. (2023). Climate Change Impacts on Facade Building Materials: A Qualitative Study. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15107893"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.122479","article-title":"How will future climate impact the design and performance of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs)?","volume":"240","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Cheng, C. (2021). Adaptation of Buildings for Climate Change a Literature Review, University of G\u00e4vle."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.03.053","article-title":"Projecting the impact of climate change on design recommendations for residential buildings in Iran","volume":"155","author":"Roshan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121641","article-title":"Long-term predictive energy analysis of a high-performance building in a mediterranean climate under climate change","volume":"238","author":"Baglivo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110610","article-title":"Future energy-optimised buildings\u2014Addressing the impact of climate change on buildings","volume":"231","author":"Bamdad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101712","article-title":"Optimization of envelope design for housing in hot climates using a genetic algorithm (GA) computational approach","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/17\/6283\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:41:58Z","timestamp":1760128918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/17\/6283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["en16176283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16176283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}