{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:06:31Z","timestamp":1768741591320,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Human Resources Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)","award":["20214000000180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20214000000180"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although 3D printing technology has been applied worldwide, the problem of connecting a printed structure and a foundation has rarely been examined. In particular, loads in the horizontal direction, such as wind loads and earthquake loads, can significantly affect the stability of a printed structure. Therefore, in this study, the effect of lateral loads on printed columns that were connected to a foundation by two types of connectors was investigated. A steel angle with bolts and couplers was used to connect the printed column to a concrete footing. In addition, two types of lateral reinforcement were applied to the printed column to enhance its bonding strength and shear resistance. The lateral reinforcements were attached to the interface of the printed layers at distances of 100 and 200 mm to investigate the effect of lateral reinforcement distance on the lateral behavior of the printed column. The results showed that the use of couplers as connections between the columns and foundation significantly improved the load capacity. Furthermore, the effects of the lateral reinforcement types and lateral reinforcement distances were assessed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16207218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:39:04Z","timestamp":1698147544000},"page":"7218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Feasibility Study on the Lateral Behavior of a 3D-Printed Column for Application in a Wind Turbine Tower"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Hwan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang-The","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6543-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0022-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Tae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"3D-Printed Concrete: Applications, Performance, and Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Siddika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Cem. Based Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, F., Zhao, D., Hou, X., Sun, L., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Overview of the Development of 3D-Printing Concrete: A Review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219822"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J.G., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, March 15). Apis-Cor. Available online: https:\/\/www.apis-cor.com."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Scott, C. (2022, March 15). Chinese Construction Company 3D Prints an Entire Two-Story House On-Site in 45 Days. Available online: https:\/\/3dprint.com\/138664\/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1476064","article-title":"Design of a 3D Printed Concrete Bridge by Testing","volume":"13","author":"Salet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"39","article-title":"Development of the Construction Processes for Reinforced Additively Constructed Concrete","volume":"28","author":"Kreiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, March 15). Shanghai Opens World\u2019s Longest 3D-Printed Concrete Bridge. Available online: https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/style\/article\/shanghai-3d-printed-bridge-scli-intl\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137709","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Ultra-Tall Wind Turbine Towers Comparing Concrete Additive Manufacturing to Conventional Manufacturing","volume":"417","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, March 15). Tall Wind Turbine Towers with 3D-Printed Concrete Bases. Available online: https:\/\/www.bft-international.com\/en\/artikel\/bft_Tall_wind_turbine_towers_with_3D-printed_concrete_bases-3555202.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102992","article-title":"Mesh Reinforcing Method for 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"109","author":"Marchment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-020-00029-6","article-title":"Piling and Pressing: Towards a Method of 3D Printing Reinforced Concrete Columns","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Robot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joh, C., Lee, J., Bui, T.Q., Park, J., and Yang, I.-H. (2020). Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214919"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.06.068","article-title":"A Review of Largescale 3DCP: Material Characteristics, Mix Design, Printing Process, and Reinforcement Strategies","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Marchment, T., Sanjayan, J.G., Nematollahi, B., and Xia, M. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effects of Interlocking on Interlayer Adhesion and Strength of Structures in 3D Printing of Concrete","volume":"83","author":"Zareiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babafemi, A.J., Kolawole, J.T., Miah, M.J., Paul, S.C., and Panda, B. (2021). A Concise Review on Interlayer Bond Strength in 3D Concrete Printing. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137137"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hass, L., and Bos, F. (2020). Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Bui, Q.-T., Lee, J., Joh, C., and Yang, I.-H. (2021). Interlayer Strength of 3D-Printed Mortar Reinforced by Postinstalled Reinforcement. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216630"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.09.159","article-title":"Micro-Cable Reinforced Geopolymer Composite for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing","volume":"235","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bester, F., van den Heever, M., Kruger, J., Cho, S., and van Zijl, G. (2020). Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrot, A., Jacquet, Y., Rangeard, D., Courteille, E., and Sonebi, M. (2020). Nailing of Layers: A Promising Way to Reinforce Concrete 3D Printing Structures. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071518"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hordijk, D.A., and Lukovi\u0107, M. (2018). 3D Printing Concrete with Reinforcement BT\u2014High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59471-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01013","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201822201013","article-title":"Characteristic of Materials for the 3D Printed Building Constructions by Additive Printing","volume":"222","author":"Pacewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.115","article-title":"Fresh Properties of a Novel 3D Printing Concrete Ink","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.002","article-title":"Ternary Blending of Cement with Fly Ash Microsphere and Condensed Silica Fume to Improve the Performance of Mortar","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102210","article-title":"A Critical Review on Drying Shrinkage Mitigation Strategies in Cement-Based Materials","volume":"38","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.055","article-title":"Influence of Organic Thickening Admixtures on the Rheological Properties of Mortars: Relationship with Water-Retention","volume":"38","author":"Cappellari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(98)80006-1","article-title":"Viscosity-Enhancing Admixtures for Cement-Based Materials\u2014An Overview","volume":"20","author":"Khayat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/20\/7218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:35Z","timestamp":1760130635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/20\/7218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["en16207218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16207218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]}}}