{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:22:01Z","timestamp":1776277321093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PhD scholarship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship","award":["2022.06192.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06192.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD scholarship","award":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Project inWheel-IPT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Project inWheel-IPT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.06192.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06192.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Project inWheel-IPT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es Project inWheel-IPT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138841\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.06192.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06192.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic inductive power transfer (DIPT) systems as well as static inductive power transfer (SIPT) systems are typically implemented with H-bridge inverters with resonant compensation networks to control and limit the charging current. However, contrary to SIPT, DIPT implies inherent displacements, in the travel direction, as well as the already expected misalignments (vertical and lateral). The challenges imposed by this feature have an impact on the selected compensation network. Typical single-coupling resonant topologies SS, SP, PS, PP, LCL-S and LCL-P are considered. In this work, a double-coupling SSS topology is proposed for DIPT applications to overcome the limitations of classical topologies. A resonant converter topology with natural current and voltage limitation under misalignment conditions is preferable. This paper performs a finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of the magnetic coupler (MC) in order to extract the coupling factor and self and mutual inductances as a function of the electric vehicle (EV) movement. The MC parameters are used to build a model in MATLAB\/Simulink with coupling variation in order to assess the converter behavior under misalignment conditions. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the applicability of the double-coupling SSS topology for DIPT application by exhibiting safe converter operation under the full range of coupling and load operation (full to no-coupling and full to no-load).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en16217269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T07:22:15Z","timestamp":1698304935000},"page":"7269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Double-Coupling Resonant Network for Dynamic IPT Systems Used in EV Charging Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DEEC), University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M. S.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DEEC), University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DEEC), University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina S.","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Coimbra, Pole 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, IPC-ISEC, DEE, P-3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128069","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3112189","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Structural Topologies, Power Levels, Energy Storage Systems, and Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Their Impacts on Grid","volume":"9","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"922","article-title":"Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system","volume":"21","author":"Panchal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, E.G., and Mendes, A.M.S. (2017, January 26\u201330). Optimization of transmitter magnetic structures for roadway applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2017.7930812"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3089419","article-title":"Design Methodology of a Three Coil IPT System with Parameters Identification for EVs","volume":"70","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2308307","article-title":"Detection of EVs on IPT Highways","volume":"2","author":"Nagendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2244536","article-title":"Inductive Power Transfer","volume":"101","author":"Covic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezani, A., and Narimani, M. (2019, January 18\u201321). A Dynamic Wireless Charging System with a Robust Output Voltage Respect to Misalignment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoW45936.2019.9030640"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli, R., and Pantic, Z. (2017, January 1\u20135). ANN-based algorithm for estimation and compensation of lateral misalignment in dynamic wireless power transfer systems for EV charging. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2017.8096493"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9854","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3058666","article-title":"An Inductive Coupler Array for In-Motion Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles","volume":"36","author":"Barsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2816998","article-title":"Optimizing the Energy Transfer, With a High System Efficiency in Dynamic Inductive Charging of EVs","volume":"67","author":"Karakitsios","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2866412","article-title":"Autotuning Control System by Variation of Self-Inductance for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging with Small Air Gap","volume":"34","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2555963","article-title":"Variable Frequency Controller for Inductive Power Transfer in Dynamic Conditions","volume":"32","author":"Gati","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamineni, A., Covic, G.A., and Boys, J.T. (2016, January 4\u20136). Interoperable EV detection for dynamic wireless charging with existing hardware and free resonance. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), Knoxville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoW.2016.7772086"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2005.855672","article-title":"Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120559","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937891","article-title":"Compensation Topologies in IPT Systems: Standards, Requirements, Classification, Analysis, Comparison and Application","volume":"7","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2017.2780627","article-title":"Wireless Power Transfer for Vehicular Applications: Overview and Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonapreetha, M.R., Jeong, S.Y., Choi, S.Y., and Rim, C.T. (2015, January 5\u20136). Dual-purpose non-overlapped coil sets as foreign object and vehicle location detections for wireless stationary EV chargers. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power (2015 WoW), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoW.2015.7132803"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3122366","article-title":"Dynamic Wireless Charging of Medium Power and Speed Electric Vehicles","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsari, V.Z., Thrimawithana, D.J., Covic, G.A., and Kim, S. (2020, January 15\u201319). A Switchable Inductively Coupled Connector for IPT Roadway Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoW47795.2020.9291300"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2325943","article-title":"Double-Coupled Systems for IPT Roadway Applications","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2016). Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-In\/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology, SAE International."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6591","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2589922","article-title":"An LCC-Compensated Resonant Converter Optimized for Robust Reaction to Large Coupling Variation in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer","volume":"63","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, E.G., Costa, V.S., Torres, M., Rios, B., Mendes, A.M.S., and Perdig\u00e3o, M.S. (2021, January 25\u201328). Double Coupling IPT Systems for EV Charging Applications. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Gijon, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC53923.2021.9699261"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2012.2192283","article-title":"A High Efficiency 5 kW Inductive Charger for EVs Using Dual Side Control","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2017.2771619","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles","volume":"4","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navidi, T., Cao, Y., and Krein, P.T. (2016, January 19\u201320). Analysis of wireless and catenary power transfer systems for electric vehicle range extension on rural highways. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI), Urbana, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PECI.2016.7459224"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Stielau, O.H., and Covic, G.A. (2000, January 4\u20137). Design of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems. Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Power System Technology (PowerCon 2000), Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX409), Perth, Australia."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2003.822038","article-title":"Power transfer capability and bifurcation phenomena of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H.H., Gilchrist, A., Sealy, K., Israelsen, P., and Muhs, J. (2011, January 15\u201318). Design of Symmetric Voltage Cancellation Control for LCL converters in Inductive Power Transfer Systems. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMDC.2011.5994928"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/21\/7269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:09Z","timestamp":1760130729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/21\/7269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["en16217269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16217269","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}