{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:52:44Z","timestamp":1767423164576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138980\/2018","IDB\/04708\/2020","2022.08120.PTDC (M4WIND)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To develop reliable numerical models and better interpret monitoring campaigns experimental data of wind turbines, knowing the structure operation conditions, in particular the rotor angular velocity and blades\u2019 pitch angle, is of paramount importance, but often not known due to confidentiality restrictions, or known with low time resolution (typically 10 min average values). In this work, it is shown analytically that blades accelerations measurements contain valuable information that allow for a better characterisation of the effective rotor shaft tilt and blades cone angle for different operating conditions. It is also shown that these measurements can be used to reconstruct the time history of the rotor angular velocity and blades\u2019 pitch angle. After presented in an analytical framework, the methodology is validated with experimental data of two full scale wind turbines. The successful reconstruction of the rotor operating conditions shows that the method presented can be used to provide further insight into the dynamics of the structure that aids monitoring data analysis and provides an alternative method to monitor the SCADA systems themselves. The paper combines quite unique experimental data collected at two operating rotors with original data processing strategies that provide very valuable information to researchers and wind turbine operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17010229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T10:01:06Z","timestamp":1704016866000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Wind Turbine Geometrical and Operation Variables Reconstruction from Blade Acceleration Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3266-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9448-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3340-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2136","article-title":"Measurement of mechanical loads in large wind turbines: Problems on calibration of strain gage bridges and analysis of uncertainty","volume":"20","author":"Bezziccheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.11.094","article-title":"Estimation of blade forces in wind turbines using blade root strain measurements with OpenFAST verification","volume":"184","author":"Moynihan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15406\/fmrij.2018.02.00024","article-title":"Comparative study of yaw and nacelle tilt control strategies for a two-bladed downwind wind turbine","volume":"2","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluid Mech. Res. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Liao, K., and Ma, Q. (2020). The Influence of Tilt Angle on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Wind Turbine. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155380"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-011-0311-5","article-title":"Influence of blade-tower interaction in upwind-type horizontal axis wind turbines on aerodynamics","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Uhl, T. (2019, January 15\u201318). Effects of Wind Rotor Tilt Angle on Aerodynamic Power of Wind Turbine under Typical Periodic Disturbances. Proceedings of the Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science, Krakow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchakoua, P., Wamkeue, R., Ouhrouche, M., Slaoui-Hasnaoui, F., Tameghe, T.A., and Ekemb, G. (2014). Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: State-of-the-Art Review, New Trends, and Future Challenges. Energies, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/en7042595"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Straub, D., Chatzi, E., Bismut, E., Courage, W.M.G., D\u00f6hler, M., Faber, M.H., K\u00f6hler, J., Lombaert, G., Omenzetter, P., and Pozzi, M. (2017, January 6\u201310). Value of information: A roadmap to quantifying the benefit of structural health monitoring. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.108465","article-title":"Value of information from vibration-based structural health monitoring extracted via Bayesian model updating","volume":"166","author":"Kamariotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2016.0248","article-title":"Using SCADA data for wind turbine condition monitoring\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Papatheou, E., Dervilis, N., Maguire, E., and Worden, K. (2014, January 8\u201311). Wind turbine structural health monitoring: A short investigation based on SCADA data. Proceedings of the EWSHM-7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Nantes, France."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, X., and Qiao, W. (2013, January 15\u201319). Current-based eccentricity detection for direct-drive wind turbines via synchronous sampling. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2013.6647088"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44163","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977632","article-title":"Low Latency Bearing Fault Detection of Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Using Stator Current","volume":"8","author":"Nath","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2021.3079221","article-title":"Remote Monitoring and Diagnostics of Pitch-Bearing Defects in an MW-Scale Wind Turbine Using Pitch Symmetrical-Component Analysis","volume":"57","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Moutinho, C., and Cunha, A. (2019, January 18\u201321). New solutions of sensors and instrumentation for dynamic monitoring of Civil structures: ViBest\/FEUP experience. Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology (ANCRiSST 2019), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5020006","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001580","article-title":"Continuous dynamic monitoring of human-induced vibrations at the Luiz I Bridge","volume":"25","author":"Moutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2963","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2963","article-title":"Continuous dynamic monitoring of a large-span arch bridge with wireless nodes based on MEMS accelerometers","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.106662","article-title":"On a method for finding position and orientation of accelerometers from their signals","volume":"140","author":"Tcherniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hoffmann, K. (2012). Test and Measurement, HBM."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5194\/wes-5-983-2020","article-title":"New strategies for optimized structural monitoring of wind farms: Experimental campaign","volume":"5","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wind Energy Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Pacheco, J. (2022). Development of New Methodologies for Structural Monitoring of Wind Farms. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto (FEUP)]."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/1\/229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:45:23Z","timestamp":1760132723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/1\/229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["en17010229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17010229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1073"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]}}}