{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:44:16Z","timestamp":1778899456185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyrolysis is an energy recovery technique with significant potential for managing wastewater treatment plant byproducts. This research aims to investigate the physicochemical and thermal properties of Moroccan sludge, as well as the behavior of its decomposition during pyrolysis at three different heating speeds (5, 10, and 20 K\/min). Characterization of the sludge before pyrolysis through ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD revealed that the sludge consists predominantly of organic matter, with a volatile matter rate of 48%, an ash rate of 37%, and a higher heating value (HHV) of 15 MJ\/kg. The TGA-DTG curves identified four distinct stages in the sludge decomposition process: drying, decomposition of organic matter, degradation of calcium carbonate, and decomposition of inorganic matter. Using TG-MS analysis, the principal gases identified during pyrolysis were H2O, H2, CH4, CO2, CO, NO, and SO. The average activation energies (Ea) determined through kinetics models were found to be 413.4 kJ\/mol for the Kissinger\u2013Akahira\u2013Sunose (KAS) model, 419.6 kJ\/mol for the Flynn\u2013Wall\u2013Ozawa (FWO) model, and 416.3 kJ\/mol for the Starink model. The values of Ea and the pre-exponential coefficient (A) obtained through the KAS, FWO, and Starink techniques are consistent with \u0394G values ranging between 152 and 155 KJ\/mol. The positive \u0394S values range from 0.003 to 1.415 kJ\/mol.K, indicating the complexity of the sludge response during pyrolysis and the spontaneity of the chemical reaction at high temperatures. The kinetic data obtained serves as a pillar for the development and improvement of sewage sludge pyrolysis systems, reinforcing their role in sustainable energy production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17030582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T08:44:07Z","timestamp":1706172247000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Physicochemical Characterization, Thermal Behavior, and Pyrolysis Kinetics of Sewage Sludge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8457-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanane","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Energy Research Team, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Arts et M\u00e9tiers, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"},{"name":"Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6013-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Koukouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Bakhattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Energy Research Team, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Arts et M\u00e9tiers, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Asbik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Energy Research Team, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Arts et M\u00e9tiers, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Bonnamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Confinement, Materials and Nanostructures (ICMN)-CNRS UMR7374, 45071 Orleans Cedex 2, France"}]},{"given":"El Ghali","family":"Bennouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Energy Park (IRESEN, UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6627-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toufik","family":"Boushaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion, Aerothermal, Reactivity and Environment (ICARE)-CNRS UPR3021, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans Cedex 2, France"}]},{"given":"Brahim","family":"Sarh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Combustion, Aerothermal, Reactivity and Environment (ICARE)-CNRS UPR3021, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans Cedex 2, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Rouboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (2023, September 13). 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