{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:49:44Z","timestamp":1770522584202,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2015\/26842-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26842-3"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["2015\/26842-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26842-3"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00532\/2020 (CEFT)"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2015\/26842-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/26842-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents a state-of-the-art review of micro-combustion flame dynamics and micro propulsion systems. In the initial section, we focus in on the different challenges of micro-combustion, investigating the typical length and time scales involved in micro-combustion and some critical phenomena such as flammability limits and the quenching diameter.We present an extensive collection of studies on the principal types of micro-flame dynamics, including flashback, blow-off, steady versus non-steady flames, mild combustion, stable flames, flames with repetitive extinction, and ignition and pulsatory flame burst. In the final part of this review, we focus on micropropulsion systems, their performance metrics, conventional manufacturing methods, and the advancements in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17061327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T04:51:12Z","timestamp":1710132672000},"page":"1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Review on Micro-Combustion Flame Dynamics and Micro-Propulsion Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2194-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering\u2014FEUP, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3410-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro R.","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"proMetheus, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering\u2014FEUP, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2825-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT\u2014Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering\u2014FEUP, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE, Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2011.03.001","article-title":"Microscale combustion: Technology development and fundamental research","volume":"37","author":"Ju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JTST0001","DOI":"10.1299\/jtst.2017jtst0001","article-title":"Progress in small-scale combustion","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126660","article-title":"A comprehensive review on combustion stabilization technologies of micro\/meso-scale combustors for micro thermophotovoltaic systems: Thermal, emission, and energy conversion","volume":"335","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"020001","article-title":"A review of combustion parameters affecting length and flame structure","volume":"3051","author":"Jabar","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.09.050","article-title":"A review of recent advancements in micro combustion techniques to enhance flame stability and fuel residence time","volume":"49","author":"Nauman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster (2023, March 28). Combustion. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/combustion."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S1540-7489(02)80113-4","article-title":"Micropower generation using combustion: Issues and approaches","volume":"29","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.01.016","article-title":"Fundamental studies of explosion arrester mitigation mechanisms","volume":"137","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"45","article-title":"Some researches on flame","volume":"107","author":"Davy","year":"1817","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.08.008","article-title":"Thermal and chemical structures formed in the micro burner of miniaturized hydrogen-air jet flames","volume":"35","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende, P.R., Ayoobi, M., and Afonso, A.M. (2019). Numerical investigations of micro-scale diffusion combustion: A brief review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9163356"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, L.N., Kim, M.J., and Hwang, W.J. (2019). Potential of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies to promote wellbeing in older adults. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173556"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Glassman, I., and Yetter, R. (2008). Combustion, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.054","article-title":"CFD study on stability limits of hydrogen\/air premixed flames in planar micro-combustors with catalytic walls","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Z., Shi, Z., Ye, J., Tian, X., Huang, Z., Wang, H., Wei, D., Peng, Q., and Tu, Y. (2023). A Review of Micro Power System and Micro Combustion: Present Situation, Techniques and Prospects. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16073201"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2014.12.116","article-title":"Experimental investigation of hydrogen production by variable volume membrane batch reactors with modulated liquid fuel introduction","volume":"40","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2023, May 19). Introduction to Micro-Scale Combustion: University Lecture at Pennsylvania State University. Available online: https:\/\/yang.gatech.edu\/projects\/Meso%20and%20Micro%20Scale%20Propulsion...(Yanxing)\/files\/micro-combustion%20(for%20webpage%20).pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.003","article-title":"Scale and material effects on flame characteristics in small heat recirculation combustors of a counter-current channel type","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b03246","article-title":"Flame characteristics of CH4\/H2 on a jet-in-hot-coflow burner diluted by N2, CO2, and H2O","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2016.12.004","article-title":"Diffusion flames and diffusion flame-streets in three dimensional micro-channels","volume":"177","author":"Mohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.10.111","article-title":"Categorization of small-scale biomass combustion appliances by characteristic numbers","volume":"163","author":"Feldmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.09.003","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of a small-scale combustor with a percolated platinum emitter tube for thermophotovoltaics","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2007.11.014","article-title":"Stability and performance of catalytic microreactors: Simulations of propane catalytic combustion on Pt","volume":"63","author":"Kaisare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2014.03.040","article-title":"Effects of bluff body shape on the flame stability in premixed micro-combustion of hydrogen\u2013air mixture","volume":"67","author":"Bagheri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.01.097","article-title":"Investigation of energy conversion and flame stability in a curved micro-combustor for thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) applications","volume":"192","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.121078","article-title":"Experimental study of flame evolution, frequency and oscillation characteristics of steam diluted micro-mixing hydrogen flame","volume":"301","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2009.04.003","article-title":"Extinction of laminar partially premixed flames","volume":"35","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, K., Knobloch, A.J., Martinez, F.C., Walther, D.C., Fernandez-Pello, C., Pisano, A.P., Liepmann, D., Miyaska, K., and Maruta, K. (2001, January 11\u201316). Design and experimental results of small-scale rotary engines. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2001\/MEMS-23924"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2015.10.026","article-title":"Flame macrostructures, combustion instability and extinction strain scaling in swirl-stabilized premixed CH4\/H2 combustion","volume":"163","author":"Shanbhogue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120781","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on extinction strain rates in non-premixed counterflow methane and propane flames in an oxygen reduced environment","volume":"298","author":"Eckart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"83","article-title":"A theory of inflammability limits and flame-quenching","volume":"240","author":"Spalding","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(96)80346-8","article-title":"Experimental study on methane-air premixed flame extinction at small stretch rates in microgravity","volume":"Volume 26-1","author":"Maruta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium (International) on Combustion"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3097297","article-title":"Combustion Limits","volume":"54","author":"Ju","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lewis, B., and Von Elbe, G. (2012). Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(01)00362-5","article-title":"Influence of conductive heat-losses on the propagation of premixed flames in channels","volume":"128","author":"Daou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(77)90025-6","article-title":"On laminar flame quenching and its application to spark ignition engines","volume":"28","author":"Ferguson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Law, C.K. (2010). Combustion Physics, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Williams, F.A. (1985). Combustion Theory, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bockhorn, H., Habisreuther, P., and Hettel, M. (2009). Numerical Modelling of Technical Combustion: 100 Volumes of \u2018Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics\u2019: 40 Years of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Retrospect, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70805-6_25"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Turns, S.R. (1996). Introduction to Combustion, McGraw-Hill Companies."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieuwen, T.C. (2012). Unsteady Combustor Physics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139059961"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2015.12.054","article-title":"Experimental study of impact of swirl number as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide content in natural gas combustion air on flame flashback and blow-off","volume":"29","author":"Jerzak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(97)00196-X","article-title":"Numerical Study of Unsteady Turbulent Premixed Combustion: Application to Flashback Simulation","volume":"113","author":"Thibaut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.04.252","article-title":"Flashback of H2-enriched premixed flames in perforated burners: Numerical prediction of critical velocity","volume":"48","author":"Fruzza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.130838","article-title":"Flashback propensity due to hydrogen blending in natural gas: Sensitivity to operating and geometrical parameters","volume":"362","author":"Fruzza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108813","article-title":"Combustion and thermal performances of methane-air premixed flame in a novel preheated micro combustor with a flame holder","volume":"197","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"131","article-title":"Chaotic Combustion of Solids and High-Density Fluids near Points of Strong Resonance","volume":"433","author":"Margolis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05706-3","article-title":"Synchronization framework for modeling transition to thermoacoustic instability in laminar combustors","volume":"100","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kabiraj, L., Saurabh, A., Wahi, P., and Sujith, R. (2010, January 17\u201321). Experimental study of thermoacoustic instability in ducted premixed flames: Periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations. Proceedings of the n3l-Int\u2019l Summer School and Workshop on Non-Normal and Nonlinear Effects in Aero-and Thermoacoustics, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(00)80621-9","article-title":"Reaction zone structure in flameless combustion","volume":"28","author":"Maruta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2004.02.003","article-title":"Mild combustion","volume":"30","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(97)00006-3","article-title":"Flameless oxidation to reduce thermal NO-formation","volume":"23","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(98)80176-8","article-title":"The science and technology of combustion in highly preheated air","volume":"27","author":"Katsuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Symp. Int. Combust."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Niioka, T. (1999, January 15\u201319). Fundamentals and applications of high-temperature air combustion. Proceedings of the 5th ASME\/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2004.08.245","article-title":"Characteristics of combustion in a narrow channel with a temperature gradient","volume":"30","author":"Maruta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010001837","article-title":"Three-dimensional simulations of premixed hydrogen\/air flames in microtubes","volume":"658","author":"Pizza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2007.07.013","article-title":"Dynamics of premixed hydrogen\/air flames in microchannels","volume":"152","author":"Pizza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuboi, Y., Yokomori, T., and Maruta, K. (2007, January 11\u201315). Study on ignition and weak flame in heated meso-scale channel. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2007-43339"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2015.09.020","article-title":"Combustion in micro-channels with a controlled temperature gradient","volume":"73","author":"Chauveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.02.015","article-title":"A numerical study on premixed micro-combustion of CH4\u2013air mixture: Effects of combustor size, geometry and boundary conditions on flame temperature","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2006.03.004","article-title":"A numerical study on propagation of premixed flames in small tubes","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2002.12.005","article-title":"Combustion characteristics and flame stability at the microscale: A CFD study of premixed methane\/air mixtures","volume":"58","author":"Norton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2020.1768081","article-title":"Pressure-induced hydrodynamic instability in premixed methane-air slot flames","volume":"192","author":"Lamioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(01)00358-3","article-title":"Lewis number effect on the propagation of premixed laminar flames in narrow open ducts","volume":"128","author":"Kurdyumov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2009.08.001","article-title":"Dynamics of premixed flames in a narrow channel with a step-wise wall temperature","volume":"156","author":"Kurdyumov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(98)80077-5","article-title":"Homogeneous ignition of methane-air mixtures over platinum: Comparison of measurements and detailed numerical predictions","volume":"Volume 27-2","author":"Dogwiler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium (International) on Combustion"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200701807177","article-title":"The asymmetric behavior of steady laminar flame propagation in ducts","volume":"180","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.06.027","article-title":"Studying the repetitive extinction-ignition dynamics for lean premixed hydrogen-air combustion in a heated microchannel","volume":"73","author":"Alipoor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2018.07.020","article-title":"Numerical study of a micro flow reactor at engine pressures: Flames with repetitive extinction and ignition and simulations with a reduced chemical model","volume":"197","author":"Lapointe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2004.08.015","article-title":"Experimental study of flame stabilization in low Reynolds and Dean number flows in curved mesoscale ducts","volume":"30","author":"Richecoeur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.04.008","article-title":"Experimental study of the effects of geometrical parameters, Reynolds number, and equivalence ratio on methane\u2013oxygen premixed flame dynamics in non-adiabatic cylinderical meso-scale reactors with the backward facing step","volume":"132","author":"Baigmohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13647830600649364","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of flame in a narrow channel with a temperature gradient","volume":"11","author":"Minaev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Combust. Theory Model."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.07.032","article-title":"Flames in narrow circular tubes","volume":"31","author":"Jackson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.07.057","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of micro combustion in a narrow circular channel with a detailed kinetic mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Miyata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.05.042","article-title":"Combustion characteristics and flame bifurcation in repetitive extinction-ignition dynamics for premixed hydrogen-air combustion in a heated micro channel","volume":"109","author":"Alipoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116852","article-title":"Maps of flame dynamics for premixed lean hydrogen-air combustion in a heated microchannel","volume":"194","author":"Alipoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S. (2018). Physics of Turbulent Jet Ignition: Mechanisms and Dynamics of Ultra-Lean Combustion, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76243-2"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2011.11.004","article-title":"Bifurcations and negative propagation speeds of methane\/air premixed flames with repetitive extinction and ignition in a heated microchannel","volume":"159","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2008.06.151","article-title":"Lower limit of weak flame in a heated channel","volume":"32","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2010.05.004","article-title":"Stabilized three-stage oxidation of gaseous n-heptane\/air mixture in a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile","volume":"33","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"de Macedo, J.M.R.C. (2021). Estudos Num\u00e9ricos em Micropropuls\u00e3o. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resende, P.R., Morais, L.C., Pinho, C., and Afonso, A.M. (2022). Combustion characteristics of premixed hydrogen\/air in an undulate microchannel. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15020626"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.12.096","article-title":"Flame dynamics of hydrogen\/air mixture in a wavy micro-channel","volume":"48","author":"Resende","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13647830701642227","article-title":"A comparative study of H2-air premixed flame in micro combustors with different physical and boundary conditions","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Combust. Theory Model."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2003.07.003","article-title":"Analysis of non-adiabatic heat-recirculating combustors","volume":"135","author":"Ronney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2005.01.006","article-title":"Flame stabilization and emission of small Swiss-roll combustors as heaters","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.08.082","article-title":"Numerical modeling of non-adiabatic heat-recirculating combustors","volume":"31","author":"Kuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2018.04.069","article-title":"A spiral microreactor for improved stability and performance for catalytic combustion of propane","volume":"187","author":"Kunte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2019.05.022","article-title":"A 3D CFD study of homogeneous-catalytic combustion of hydrogen in a spiral microreactor","volume":"206","author":"Yedala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2008.05.055","article-title":"Suppression of combustion instabilities of premixed hydrogen\/air flames in microchannels using heterogeneous reactions","volume":"32","author":"Pizza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.04.029","article-title":"Flame dynamics in catalytic and non-catalytic mesoscale microreactors","volume":"155","author":"Pizza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.01.032","article-title":"Combustion of hydrogen\u2013air in catalytic micro-combustors made of different material","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00113-8","article-title":"Combustion in micro-cylindrical combustors with and without a backward facing step","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2009.01.012","article-title":"Study on premixed combustion in cylindrical micro combustors: Transient flame behavior and wall heat flux","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.04.058","article-title":"Experimental studies on flame stabilization in a three step rearward facing configuration based micro channel combustor","volume":"58","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2018.06.002","article-title":"Effect of backward facing step on radiation efficiency in a micro combustor","volume":"132","author":"Faramarzpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.09.010","article-title":"Effect of bluff body shape on the blow-off limit of hydrogen\/air flame in a planar micro-combustor","volume":"62","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.12.102","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations of hydrogen\u2013air premixed combustion in a converging\u2013diverging micro tube","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.049","article-title":"Propagation and extinction behavior of methane\/air premixed flames through straight and converging-diverging microchannels","volume":"148","author":"Biswas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S.S., and Raju, V. (2024). Effect of Deflector on the Combustion Characteristics of a Micro-Combustor With a Controlled Centrally Slotted Bluff Body. J. Energy Resour. Technol., 146.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063932"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121802","article-title":"Comparative analysis of combustion stability and flow performance in micro combustor based on the synergistic action of slotted blunt body and front-baffle","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120127","article-title":"Numerical study of combustion characteristics and oscillating behaviors of hydrogen\u2013air combustion in converging\u2013diverging microtubes","volume":"159","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121685","article-title":"Thermal performances investigation on an ammonia-fuelled heat-recirculating micro-combustor with reduced chemical mechanism","volume":"236","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.09.041","article-title":"Effect analysis on combustion performance enhancement of the hydrogen-fueled micro-cylindrical combustors with twisted tapes for micro-thermophotovoltaic applications","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2021.116723","article-title":"Heat transfer enhancement and exergy efficiency improvement of a micro combustor with internal spiral fins for thermophotovoltaic systems","volume":"189","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2014.03.116","article-title":"A numerical investigation on combustion characteristics of H2\/air mixture in a micro-combustor with wall cavities","volume":"39","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.03.235","article-title":"Effect of the cavity depth on the combustion efficiency of lean H2\/air flames in a micro combustor with dual cavities","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2008.08.006","article-title":"Dynamics of premixed hydrogen\/air flames in mesoscale channels","volume":"155","author":"Pizza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2004.08.203","article-title":"Catalyzed combustion of hydrogen\u2013oxygen in platinum tubes for micro-propulsion applications","volume":"30","author":"Boyarko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.12.105","article-title":"Combustion in wavy micro-channels for thermo-photovoltaic applications\u2013Part I: Effects of wavy wall geometry, wall temperature profile and reaction mechanism","volume":"198","author":"Mansouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2021.108371","article-title":"A novel wavy micro-combustor for micro-thermophotovoltaic applications","volume":"163","author":"Mansouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process.-Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119755","article-title":"Effect analysis on energy conversion enhancement and NOx emission reduction of ammonia\/hydrogen fuelled wavy micro-combustor for micro-thermophotovoltaic application","volume":"289","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.122727","article-title":"Numerical study of wavy-wall effects on premixed H2\/air flammability limits, propagation modes, and thermal performance of micro combustion chambers","volume":"359","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"You, Z. (2018). Space Microsystems and Micro\/Nano Satellites, Butterworth-Heinemann. Micro and Nano Technologies."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micci, M., and Ketsdever, A. (2000). Micropropulsion for Small Spacecraft, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/4.866586"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Sutton, G., and Biblarz, O. (2001). Rocket Propulsion Elements, A Wiley Interscience Publication, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster (2023, April 28). Propulsion. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/propulsion."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(00)00464-7","article-title":"Prediction of the performance of a Si-micromachined microthruster by computing the subsonic gas flow inside the thruster","volume":"87","author":"Rossi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youngner, D., Thai Lu, S., Choueiri, E., Neidert, J., Black, R., Graham, K., Fahey, D., Lucus, R., and Zhu, X. (2000, January 21\u201324). MEMS mega-pixel micro-thruster arrays for small satellite stationkeeping. Proceedings of the Small Satellite Conference, Logan, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA386979"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"de Athayde Costa e Silva, M. (2018). MEMS Micropropulsion: Design, Modeling and Control of Vaporizing Liquid Microthrusters. [Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"NASA Glenn Research Center (2023, July 21). Aeronautics: Aircraft Specifications and Performance, Available online: https:\/\/www.grc.nasa.gov\/www\/k-12\/airplane\/specimp.html."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, J., and Park, K.S. (2023). Effect of Structural Materials on Monopropellant Thruster Propulsion Performance in Micro Scale. Aerospace, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace10040362"},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Bretti, M. (2023, May 10). Ais-EPPT1 Pulsed Plasma Thruster. Available online: https:\/\/appliedionsystems.com\/portfolio\/ais-eppt1-pulsed-plasma-thruster\/."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Spanjers, G. (2001). New Satellite Propulsion System Has Mass Below 100 Grams (0.22 Pounds), Air Force Research Lab Edwards AFB CA Space and Missile Propulsion Division. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2514\/2.5334","article-title":"Pulsed plasma thruster","volume":"14","author":"Burton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2015.09.031","article-title":"Performance and lifetime testing of a pulsed plasma thruster for Cubesat applications","volume":"47","author":"Ciaralli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2015.08.016","article-title":"Results of the qualification test campaign of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Cubesat Propulsion (PPTCUP)","volume":"121","author":"Ciaralli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Coletti, M., Marques, R.I., and Gabriel, S. (2009, January 20\u201324). Design of a two-stage Pulsed Plasma Thruster for cubesat application. Proceedings of the 31st IEPC, IEPC-2009-244, Ann Arbor, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2011.03.008","article-title":"A micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Cubesat application: Design and preliminary experimental results","volume":"69","author":"Coletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, M., Kisaki, S., Ikeda, T., and Tahara, H. (2012, January 9\u201312). Research and development of pulsed plasma thruster systems for nano-satellites at Osaka Institute of Technology. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2012.6422747"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujita, R., and Tahara, H. (2014, January 28\u201330). Development of electrothermal pulsed plasma thruster systems onboard osaka Institute of technology PROITERES nano-satellites. Proceedings of the 50th AIAA\/ASME\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2014-3610"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.01.012","article-title":"Highly miniaturized FEEP propulsion system (NanoFEEP) for attitude and orbit control of CubeSats","volume":"144","author":"Bock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Galilei, G. (2023, May 22). Advanced GG Phase a Study. Available online: http:\/\/eotvos.dm.unipi.it\/ggweb\/phaseA\/."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113809","article-title":"Study of microchannel structures for measuring emission conductance of indium field emission electric propulsion micro-thrusters","volume":"224","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Leach, R., and Neal, K. (2002, January 12\u201315). Discussion of micro-newton thruster requirements for a drag-free control system. Proceedings of the Small Satellite Conference, Logan, UT, USA. Session VIII: Advanced Technologies & Subsystems, Components & Sensors II."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.1693","article-title":"Micropropulsion for small spacecraft: A new challenge for field effect electric propulsion and microstructured liquid metal ion sources","volume":"36","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361215","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/361215","article-title":"Development of electric and chemical microthrusters","volume":"2011","author":"Tajmar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.2472","article-title":"Field emission devices for space applications","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen, O. (2023, May 06). A Diagram of an Electrostatic Ion Thruster. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gridded_ion_thruster#\/media\/File:Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2024.107338","article-title":"Study of the thrust response characteristics of Hall Micro Thruster","volume":"57","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2023, May 27). Solar Sail Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/134645main_solar_sail_fs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"The European Space Agency (2023, May 22). Solar Sails. Available online: https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Education\/Solar_sails."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(02)00171-6","article-title":"Solar sail technology development and demonstration","volume":"52","author":"Leipold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Miller, R. (2023, May 06). Solar Sails: The Math Behind Solar Sails. Available online: http:\/\/ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu\/webproj\/212_spring_2015\/Robert_Miller\/physics.html."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"74","article-title":"Propulsion to orbit by ground based lasers","volume":"10","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306228","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306228","article-title":"MOFs for Ultrahigh Efficiency Pulsed Laser Micropropulsion","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S., Yi, W., Yuan, J., Wang, S., Jiang, H., and Cheng, G.J. (2024). Advancing laser micropropulsion: High performance with MOF-derived carbon-encapsulated-nano-metal composites. Matter.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.01.024"},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"National Research Council (1998). Microelectromechanical Systems: Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J., Marrese, C., Polk, J., Yang, E.H., Green, A., White, V., Bame, D., Chakraborty, I., Vargo, S., and Reinicke, R. (2001, January 2\u20136). An overview of MEMS-based micropropulsion developments at JPL. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) for Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980215","article-title":"Metal MEMS Tools for Beating-heart Tissue Approximation","volume":"2011","author":"Butler","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Bayt, R.L. (1999). Analysis, Fabrication and Testing of a MEMS-Based Micropropulsion System, Aerospace Computational Design Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, S., Huss, W., John, R., and Tuchman, A. (1965, January 25\u201327). Experimental propulsion performance of a low power pulsed resistojet. Proceedings of the 2nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1965-97"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.2514\/3.28723","article-title":"3-KW concentric tubular resistojet performance","volume":"3","author":"Page","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2514\/3.30218","article-title":"Applied resistojet technology","volume":"8","author":"Pugmire","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, R., and Short, R. (1971, January 25\u201327). Design of high-performance resistojets for advanced spacecraft. Proceedings of the 9th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1971-195"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025016","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/2\/025016","article-title":"Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a vaporizing liquid microthruster","volume":"22","author":"Kundu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.04.009","article-title":"Performance evaluation and flow visualization of a MEMS based vaporizing liquid micro-thruster","volume":"67","author":"Cen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.07.032","article-title":"Vaporizing liquid microthrusters with integrated heaters and temperature measurement","volume":"265","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2514\/1.19570","article-title":"Numerical analysis of free-molecule microresistojet performance","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketsdever, A., Wadsworth, D., Vargo, S., and Muntz, E. (1998, January 13\u201315). The free molecule micro-resistojet-An interesting alternative to nozzle expansion. Proceedings of the 34th AIAA\/ASME\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1998-3918"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112403","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033955","article-title":"Analysis of nonisothermal rarefied gas flow in diverging microchannels for low-pressure microresistojets","volume":"138","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036619","article-title":"Selection and characterization of green propellants for micro-resistojets","volume":"139","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2014.12.003","article-title":"Conceptual design of a low-pressure micro-resistojet based on a sublimating solid propellant","volume":"108","author":"Cervone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/aa90fb","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of low pressure micro-resistojets with integrated heater and temperature measurement","volume":"27","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.09.008","article-title":"An analytical model for characterizing the thrust performance of a Low-Pressure Micro-Resistojet","volume":"152","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00389-1","article-title":"Vaporizing liquid microthruster","volume":"83","author":"Mukerjee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"You, Z. (2017). Space Microsystems and Micro\/Nano Satellites, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Pranajaya, F. (1999). Progress on Colloid Micro-Thruster Research and Flight Testing, Space Systems Development Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, S.P., Rovey, J., Prince, B., Miller, S., and Bemish, R. (2015, January 27\u201329). Electrospray of an energetic ionic liquid monopropellant for multi-mode micropropulsion applications. Proceedings of the 51st AIAA\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2015-4011"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, S.P., and Rovey, J. (2016, January 25\u201327). Decomposition of a double salt ionic liquid monopropellant on heated metallic surfaces. Proceedings of the 52nd AIAA\/SAE\/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-4578"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00260-5","article-title":"Digital micropropulsion","volume":"80","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/6\/304","article-title":"Design, fabrication and modelling of MEMS-based microthrusters for space application","volume":"10","author":"Rossi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(01)00900-1","article-title":"Design, fabrication and modeling of solid propellant microrocket-application to micropropulsion","volume":"99","author":"Rossi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.03.017","article-title":"Final characterizations of MEMS-based pyrotechnical microthrusters","volume":"121","author":"Rossi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094004","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/9\/094004","article-title":"The development of the micro-solid propellant thruster array with improved repeatability","volume":"22","author":"Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2023.114696","article-title":"Lab-on-PCB for space propulsion: Integrated membraneless micro-ignitor for MEMS solid propellant thruster","volume":"363","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2023.114738","article-title":"Design and fabrication of a scalable solid-propellant micro-thruster array using lab-on-PCB technology","volume":"363","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115056","article-title":"High-Safety Energetic Micro-Igniter for Micro-Thrust System","volume":"368","author":"Kan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.03.009","article-title":"Thrust characteristics of nano-carbon\/Al\/oxygenated salt nanothermites for micro-energetic applications","volume":"30","author":"Fahd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.10.071","article-title":"Electrokinetic pumping of liquid propellants for small satellite microthruster applications","volume":"132","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/6\/305","article-title":"MEMS-based satellite micropropulsion via catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition","volume":"10","author":"Hitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2012.2226929","article-title":"MnO2 Nanowire Embedded Hydrogen Peroxide Monopropellant MEMS Thruster","volume":"22","author":"Kundu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhang, J., Li, F., Liu, S., Ye, Y., and Shen, R. (2023). A review on solid propellant micro-thruster array based on MEMS technology. FirePhysChem.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpc.2023.03.002"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200600793395","article-title":"Development of a catalytic hydrogen micro-propulsion system","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.99.122003","article-title":"LISA Pathfinder micronewton cold gas thrusters: In-flight characterization","volume":"99","author":"Armano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/6\/1327\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:36Z","timestamp":1760105496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/6\/1327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en17061327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17061327","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]}}}