{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:59:31Z","timestamp":1777406371817,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.07535.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07535.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"C-MAST (Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Technology)","award":["2021.07535.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07535.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diesel engines are known for their excellent efficiency and are therefore used in a variety of applications. However, they are also one of the main sources of hazardous emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke. Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) is an alternative fuel that can possibly reduce some of the pollutant emissions without compromising engine performance. The surfactant formulation for WiDE usually follows the one used in water-in-oil (w\/o) emulsions, where low hydrophilic\u2013lipophilic balance (HLB) emulsifiers are preferred for better solubility in the diesel phase and stabilization at storage temperatures. However, by using a hydrophilic blend with a non-ionic surfactant, it is possible to develop an optimized formulation at higher fuel temperatures, which occur during an engine\u2019s operating condition, achieving possibly higher benefits. Across the different speeds, the results for the emulsion show 7.57% mean improvement in specific fuel consumption (SFC), 19.14% mean improvement in thermal efficiency (TE), 5.54% mean reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), 20.50% mean reduction in nitric oxide (NO) and 75.19% mean reduction in smoke levels. However, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions were higher, with a mean increase of 81.09% and 93.83%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17061328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T04:51:12Z","timestamp":1710132672000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emissions of an 8% Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Stabilized by a Hydrophilic Surfactant Blend"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2978-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences and Technologies (C-MAST), University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Br\u00f3jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-358 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2018.1563822","article-title":"A general view to converting fossil fuels to cleaner energy source by adding nanoparticles","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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