{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:29:29Z","timestamp":1775838569365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.08721.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08721.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.08754.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08754.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union under the FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) and INTERREG programs","award":["2021.08721.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08721.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Union under the FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) and INTERREG programs","award":["2021.08754.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08754.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Union under the FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) and INTERREG programs","award":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is currently exponential growth in the electric vehicle market, which will require an increase in the electrical grid capacity to meet the associated charging demand. If, on the one hand, the introduction of energy generation from renewable energy sources can be used to meet that requirement, the intermittent nature of some of these sources will challenge the mandatory real-time equilibrium between generation and consumption. In order to use most of the energy generated via these sources, mechanisms are required to manage the charging of batteries in electric vehicles, according to the levels of generation. An effective smart charging process requires communication and\/or control mechanisms between the supply equipment and the electric vehicle, enabling the adjustment of the energy transfer according to the generation levels. At this level, the ISO 15118 standard supports high-level communication mechanisms, far beyond the basic control solutions offered through the IEC 61851-1 specification. It is, thus, relevant to evaluate it in smart charging scenarios. In this context, this paper presents the development of a charge emulation system using the ISO 15118 communication protocol, and it discusses its application for demand response purposes. The system comprises several modules developed at both ends, supply equipment and electric vehicles, and allows the exchange of data during an emulated charging process. The system also includes human interfaces to facilitate interactions with users at both ends. Tests performed using the implemented system have shown that it supports a demand response when integrated with a photovoltaic renewable energy source. The dynamic adjustment to charging parameters, based on real-time energy availability, ensures efficient and sustainable charging processes, reducing the reliance on the grid and promoting the use of renewable energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17123045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T11:42:03Z","timestamp":1718883723000},"page":"3045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development and Implementation of a Smart Charging System for Electric Vehicles Based on the ISO 15118 Standard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3ni B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0900-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M. B.","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistemas Ciberf\u00edsicos do Algarve\u2014CISCA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistemas Ciberf\u00edsicos do Algarve\u2014CISCA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e2nio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistemas Ciberf\u00edsicos do Algarve\u2014CISCA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4803-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J. S.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA LINCS, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szumska, E.M. (2023). Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure along Highways in the EU. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16020895"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2024, April 25). Global EV Outlook 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2019."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2024, April 25). Global EV Outlook 2024. 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