{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:19:33Z","timestamp":1773382773900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, Romania","award":["RF2474\/31.05.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF2474\/31.05.2024"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, Romania","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["RF2474\/31.05.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF2474\/31.05.2024"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research evaluates the feasibility of using eucalyptus oil blended with conventional diesel fuel in diesel engines. Eucalyptus globulus is one of the main tree species cultivated for paper pulp in western European countries such as Portugal, and eucalyptus oil is one of the byproducts that so far has not been sufficiently evaluated as a biofuel. This study assesses the impact of using this additive on engine performance parameters and emissions as a means to contribute to reducing fossil fuel consumption and pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The analysis revealed that the addition of eucalyptus oil had a positive effect on torque, a critical performance parameter, with biofuel blends showing consistent torque increases at lower engine speeds. However, torque tended to decrease towards the higher range of engine speed for eucalyptus oil\u2013diesel blends. Several blends showed lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to regular diesel at high engine loads and low engine speeds. Brake thermal efficiency did not vary substantially at lower engine speeds and loads but decreased at higher speeds and loads. Pollutant emissions, particularly unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, were influenced by fuel composition, with biofuel blends showing both increases and decreases compared to diesel. It is noteworthy that eucalyptus oil blends exhibited up to a 60% reduction in smoke opacity under specific operating conditions at low speed and high load for 10% incorporation (10EU90D), suggesting that in addition to the already positive effects of cutting down fossil CO2 emissions in proportion to the substitution of fossil diesel with nearly carbon-neutral eucalyptus oil, more environmental benefits may be expected from the incorporation of this product. Although the present economic viability of using eucalyptus oil as a biofuel is still not guaranteed, the present study seems to reinforce its technical viability. Future prospects for the improvement of oil yield through biotechnology, the economic interest of this product for several countries, and the updating and upscaling industrial processes may allow the viability of this biofuel to remain a possibility in the future<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17143528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:59:50Z","timestamp":1721314790000},"page":"3528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Engine Performance and Emissions with Eucalyptus Oil and Diesel Blends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M\u0103d\u0103lin","family":"Chivu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800201 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2163-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800201 Galati, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Uzuneanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800201 Galati, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8196-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Fr\u0103ti\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thermal Systems and Automotive Engineering, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University, 800201 Galati, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0252-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco P.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.10.034","article-title":"A Review of the Combustion and Emissions Properties of Advanced Transportation Biofuels and Their Impact on Existing and Future Engines","volume":"42","author":"Bergthorson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, J., and Brito, F.P. (2020). Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164086"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113835","article-title":"The Impact of Blending Mandates on Biofuel Consumption, Production, Emission Reductions and Fuel Prices","volume":"183","author":"Lundberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110398","article-title":"A Review on Biofuels for Light-Duty Vehicles in Europe","volume":"137","author":"Puricelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.111996","article-title":"Review on Biofuel Production: Sustainable Development Scenario, Environment, and Climate Change Perspectives\u2014A Sustainable Approach","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118925","article-title":"A Comparative Review of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Eucalyptus-Biodiesel Blend","volume":"284","author":"Ellappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.140","article-title":"Biomass Resources in Portugal: Current Status and Prospects","volume":"78","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105248","article-title":"Chemical Profile of Leaf Essential Oils from Four Eucalyptus Species from Thailand and Their Biological Activities","volume":"158","author":"Chahomchuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiyagarajan, S., Sonthalia, A., Geo, V.E., Viswanathan, K., and Balasubramaniyam, D. (2021). Effect of Low Carbon Biofuel on Carbon Emissions in Biodiesel Fueled CI Engine. Bioenergy Resources and Technologies, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822525-7.00006-8"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, March 20). Portucel Soporcel Group Wins International Prize for Green Energy and Biofuels. Available online: https:\/\/en.thenavigatorcompany.com\/var\/ezdemo_site\/storage\/original\/application\/3861e0801d2bf4bd869e10dbca162996.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, May 23). The Navigator Company. Available online: https:\/\/en.thenavigatorcompany.com\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.02.069","article-title":"Impact of Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio on Performance and Emission Characteristics of VCR CI Engine Fueled with Palm Kernel Oil-Eucalyptus Oil Blends","volume":"4","author":"Srinivas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.12.426","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Nano Metal Oxide Blended Eucalyptus Bio Fuel on Common Rail Direct Injected Diesel Engine","volume":"33","author":"Senthur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarabet, L., Loubar, K., Lounici, M.S., Hanchi, S., and Tazerout, M. (2011, January 29\u201330). Experimental Evaluation of Performance and Emissions of DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Eucalyptus Biodiesel. Proceedings of the Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095060.5.167"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.124425","article-title":"Enhancement of Engine Characteristics through Zirconium Nano Particle Addition and Split Injection Parameter Optimization for the Adaptability of Eucalyptus Biofuel in Diesel Engine","volume":"323","author":"Ashok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Kumar, J., Kumar, S., and Goga, G. (2023). An Experimental Analysis on Performance of CI Engine Fuelled with Eucalyptus Oil. Mater. Today Proc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.01.323"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pisc.2016.04.030","article-title":"Performance and Emission of VCR-CI Engine with Palm Kernel and Eucalyptus Blends","volume":"8","author":"Kommana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em0210","DOI":"10.29333\/ejosdr\/12749","article-title":"Assessment of Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Using Biodiesel Obtained from Eucalyptus Leaves","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sustain. Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlct\/ctac114","article-title":"A Comparative Assessment of Combustion Behavior and Emissions Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil and Eucalyptus Biofuel for Sustainable Development Applications","volume":"17","author":"Naima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1504\/IJRET.2019.10022907","article-title":"Eucalyptus Biofuel Study as Alternative for Diesel Engine","volume":"10","author":"Liazid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J., Martins, J., Arantes, T., Gon\u00e7alves, M., Dur\u00e3o, L., and Brito, F.P. (2021). Experimental Assessment of the Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Waste-Derived Biofuels as Additives. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14165209"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e3o, L., Costa, J., Arantes, T., Brito, F.P., Martins, J., and Gon\u00e7alves, M. (2020). Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Operated with Gasoline Supplemented with Pyrogasoline and Ethanol. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184671"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chivu, R.M., Martins, J., Popescu, F., Uzuneanu, K., Ion, I.V., Goncalves, M., Cod\u0103u, T.-C., Onofrei, E., and Brito, F.P. (2023). Turpentine as an Additive for Diesel Engines: Experimental Study on Pollutant Emissions and Engine Performance. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16135150"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012103","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/733\/1\/012103","article-title":"Review: Eucalyptus Globulus Essential Oil Extraction Method","volume":"733","author":"Immaroh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rao, V.P.S., and Sahoo, A. (2007). Extraction of Essential Oil and Its Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, National Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore, H.S. (2017). Green Pesticides for Organic Farming: Occurrence and Properties of Essential Oils for Use in Pest Control. Green Pesticides Handbook, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315153131-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarabet, L., Loubar, K., Lounici, M.S., Hanchi, S., and Tazerout, M. (2012). Eucalyptus Biodiesel as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel: Preparation and Tests on Di Diesel Engine. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/235485"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.03.008","article-title":"Potential Use of Eucalyptus Biodiesel in Compressed Ignition Engine","volume":"25","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, February 20). AVL DiGas 4000 AVL DiCom 4000 AVL DiSmoke 4000 Engine Diagnostics. Available online: https:\/\/docplayer.net\/20998407-Avl-digas-4000-avl-dicom-4000-avl-dismoke-4000-engine-diagnostics.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Martins, J. (2016). Motores de Combust\u00e3o Interna, Pubind\u00fastria. [5th ed.]. Engebook."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Martins, J.M. (2006). Mateus. Motores de Combust\u00e3o Interna, Publind\u00fastria."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Heywood, J.B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Education. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.05.008","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of DI Diesel Engine Operating with Eucalyptus Biodiesel\/Natural Gas under Dual Fuel Mode","volume":"133","author":"Tarabet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/14\/3528\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:03Z","timestamp":1760109543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/14\/3528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["en17143528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17143528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]}}}