{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:16:50Z","timestamp":1778221010872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RESIST (European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation program)","award":["101093968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101093968"]}]},{"name":"RESIST (European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation program)","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["101093968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101093968"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen is undeniably one of the most promising options for producing energy with minimal environmental impact. However, current hydrogen production is still derived from carbon-intensive processes relying on fossil fuels. Biomass is a sustainable and versatile resource that can be converted into hydrogen through biological and thermochemical pathways from a large variety of feedstocks and technologies. This work reviews and compares existing biomass-to-hydrogen technologies, focusing on their characteristics, maturity level, benefits, limitations, and techno-economic and lifecycle environmental impacts. Less-developed biological conversion methods are characterized by low efficiencies and hydrogen productivity. More mature thermochemical routes enable higher efficiencies and hydrogen yields. Overall, while thermochemical processes suit centralized large-scale hydrogen production, biological pathways offer decentralized options, necessitating continued innovation for integration into future energy strategies. Some of these technologies, such as anaerobic digestion (best-case: 1.28 EUR\/kgH2) and conventional gasification (best-case: 1.79 EUR\/kgH2), emerge as promising, sustainable, and affordable alternatives for renewable hydrogen generation, offering production costs comparable to those of natural gas steam reforming (0.92\u20132.8 EUR\/kgH2).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17143530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:59:50Z","timestamp":1721314790000},"page":"3530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Renewable Hydrogen from Biomass: Technological Pathways and Economic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Copa","family":"Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8836-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mateos-Pedrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Rijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahshoor, S., and Afzal, S. 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