{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T19:37:53Z","timestamp":1775849873087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is a valuable energy carrier for linking growing renewable electricity generation with the hard-to-abate sectors, such as cement, steel, glass, chemical, and ceramics industries. In this context, this paper presents a new model of hydrogen production based on solar photovoltaics and wind energy with application to a real-world ceramics factory. For this task, a novel multipurpose profit-maximizing model is implemented using GAMS. The developed model explores hydrogen production with multiple value streams that enable technical and economical informed decisions under specific scenarios. Our results show that it is profitable to sell the hydrogen produced to the gas grid rather than using it for self-consumption for low-gas-price scenarios. On the other hand, when the price of gas is significantly high, it is more profitable to use as much hydrogen as possible for self-consumption to supply the factory and reduce the internal use of natural gas. The role of electricity self-consumption has proven to be key for the project\u2019s profitability as, without this revenue stream, the project would not be profitable in any analysed scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17153661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T11:43:44Z","timestamp":1721907824000},"page":"3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Decarbonizing Hard-to-Abate Sectors with Renewable Hydrogen: A Real Case Application to the Ceramics Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC ID\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores: Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Camus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC ID\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores: Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winpower S.A., 1600-201 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1019-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEL\u2014Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UnIRE, ISEL, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Low Carbon Energy Conversion Group (LCEC), ISEL, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.01.037","article-title":"Evaluation of a wind energy based system for co-generation of hydrogen and methanol production","volume":"45","author":"Ishaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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