{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:06:13Z","timestamp":1773320773691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTERREG ATLANTIC AREA PROGRAMME"},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\u2019s"},{"name":"CERIS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new methodology for hybrid energy systems (HESs) was developed, namely the HY4RES model, tailored for the water sector, covering hybrid energy objective functions and grid or battery support using optimization algorithms in Solver, MATLAB, and Python, with evolutionary methods. HOMER is used for hybrid microgrids and allows for comparison with HY4RES, the newly developed model. Both models demonstrated flexibility in optimizing hybrid renewable solutions. This study analyzed an irrigation system for 3000 m3\/ha (without renewables (Base case) and the Proposed system\u2014with PV solar and pumped-hydropower storage to maximize cash flow over 25 years). Case 1\u20143000 m3\/ha presented benefits due to PV supplying ~87% of energy, reducing grid dependency to ~13%. Pumped-hydropower storage (PHS) charges with excess solar energy, ensuring 24 h irrigation. Sensitivity analyses for Case 2\u20141000\u2014and Case 3\u20146000 m3\/ha\u2014highlighted the advantages and limitations of water-energy management and system optimization. Case 2 was the most economical due to lower water-energy needs with noteworthy energy sales (~73.4%) and no need for the grid. Case 3 led to increased operating costs relying heavily on grid energy (61%), with PV providing only 39%. PHS significantly lowered operating costs and enhanced system flexibility by selling excess energy to the grid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17164037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T03:49:36Z","timestamp":1723693776000},"page":"4037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hybrid Energy Solution to Improve Irrigation Systems: HY4RES vs. HOMER Optimization Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4055-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Afonso","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Morillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Coronado-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidr\u00e1ulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesto","family":"Perez-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, June 09). 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