{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:14Z","timestamp":1760145854401,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020","UIDB\/00066\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020","UIDB\/00066\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an automated approach to the technology selection of High-Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) Offshore Substations (OHVS) for the integration of Oil &amp; Gas (O&amp;G) production and Offshore Wind Farms (OWF) based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. Due to the complex regulatory landscape and project diversity, this is enacted via a cost decision-model which was developed based on Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) and incorporated into an optioneering software named Transmission Optioneering Model (TOM). Equipped with an interactive dashboard, it uses detailed transmission and cost models, as well as a technological and commercial benchmarking of offshore projects to provide a standardized selection approach to OHVS design. By automating this process, the deployment of a technically sound and cost-effective connection in an interactive sandbox environment is streamlined. The decision-model takes as primary inputs the power rating requirements and the distance of the offshore target site and tests multiple voltage\/rating configurations and associated costs. The output is then the most technically and economically efficient interconnection setup. Since the TOM process relies on equivalent models and on a broad range of different projects, it is manufacturer-agnostic and can be used for virtually any site as a method that ensures both energy transmission and economic efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17174278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T06:19:01Z","timestamp":1724739541000},"page":"4278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Technology Selection of High-Voltage Offshore Substations Based on Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago A.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Alameda Campus, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID) Co-Owned by Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), University of Lisbon, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0675-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-URI IPS & Escola Superior Tecnologia (EST) Set\u00fabal, Polytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando J.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTS-UNINOVA, LASI & Escola Superior Tecnologia (EST) Set\u00fabal, Polytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2024, February 23). 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Offshore Transmission Cost Assessment Workshop, Available online: https:\/\/www.ofgem.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/2013\/12\/13_dec_workshopslides.pdf."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/17\/4278\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:25Z","timestamp":1760111005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/17\/4278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["en17174278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17174278","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1073"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]}}}