{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:53:10Z","timestamp":1776952390020,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-1136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global energy transition is an uneven process, fundamentally related to the level of economic development of countries and their access to energy resources (renewable and non-renewable) to a large extent. The global climate is interconnected, and all nations impact it through their products and services. The six countries discussed\u2014China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Russia, and India\u2014account for 44.8% of global primary energy consumption and 49% of global CO2 emissions. Each of them has its own strategy for achieving carbon neutrality, based on different decarbonization scenarios, which, according to the authors, depend on geopolitical factors, national economy characteristics, and the established pragmatic goals and objectives. However, the \u201cgreen agenda\u201d itself may not always be among the top priorities when formulating energy strategies. The study objective is to analyze the feasibility of the stated goals in these countries using a combined logistic curve-based forecasting tool for predicting solar and wind production as well as investment volumes. It aims to justify the relation between solar and wind energy production and investment policies using a calculated technological coefficient. Results show similar, but time-shifted fluctuating investment dynamics in solar and wind energy trends in Japan, Germany and China, with Germany and Japan outperforming investment forecasts when considering the technology efficiency coefficient. Furthermore, the findings highlight the overwhelming appreciation of the unevenness of the green transition process, which will consequently make it impossible to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement until 2050. Taking these factors into consideration, exploratory decarbonization scenarios for these six major world economies alongside two dimensions, namely, the pace of green transition versus green technology and versus resources, are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17174381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T10:07:35Z","timestamp":1725271655000},"page":"4381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessing Decarbonization Approaches across Major Economies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-6509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Tick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keleti K\u00e1roly Faculty of Business and Management, \u00d3buda University, Tavaszmez\u0151 Str. 15-17, 1084 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Askar","family":"Akaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Global Processes, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ulitsa Kolmogorova, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7993-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessaleno Campos","family":"Devezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Faculty, Atl\u00e2ntica Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Askar","family":"Sarygulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education on Technological and Economic Problems of Energy Transition, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya Ulitsa, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Petryakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Krapivnyy Pereulok, No. 5, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Anufriev Igor","family":"Evgenevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Applied Mathematics and Computational Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya Ulitsa, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Economist (The Economist, 2023). The False Promise of Green Jobs, The Economist."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2023). A Green Deal Industrial Plan for the Net-Zero Age, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-024-00457-0","article-title":"Key Forecasts and Prospects for Green Transition in the Region of Central Asia beyond 2022","volume":"14","author":"Orlov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024265","DOI":"10.31893\/multiscience.2024265","article-title":"Relationship between Renewable Energy, Technological Innovation, and Economic Indicators of Green Growth: Comparative Analysis of the OECD and Western Balkan Regions","volume":"6","author":"Beka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-023-00421-4","article-title":"Challenges of the Green Transition for the Recovery of the Western Balkans","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.121038","article-title":"Interplay between Economic Progress, Carbon Emissions and Energy Prices on Green Energy Adoption: Evidence from USA and Germany in Context of Sustainability","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132160","article-title":"Can Renewable Energy Development Facilitate China\u2019s Sustainable Energy Transition? Perspective from Energy Trilemma","volume":"304","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdallah, I., Alhosin, H., Belarabi, M., Chaouki, S., Mahmoud, N., and Tayah, J. (2024). A Pan-Asian Energy Transition? The New Rationale for Decarbonization Policies in the World\u2019s Largest Energy Exporting Countries: A Case Study of Qatar and Other GCC Countries. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.2108.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142583","article-title":"The Role of BRICS Countries in the Optimal Low-Carbon Transition Path for Sustainable Development","volume":"460","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09913","article-title":"The Impact of Technological Innovation on Renewable Energy Production: Accounting for the Roles of Economic and Environmental Factors Using a Method of Moments Quantile Regression","volume":"8","author":"Solarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Miles, K. (2024, August 19). BRICS|Members, History, Name Origin, & Proposed Currency|Britannica. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/BRICS."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, L.C., Kipouros, P., and Lamprakis, Z. (2024). The Drivers of Renewable Energy: A Global Empirical Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17122902"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"IRENA (2024). Record Growth in Renewables, but Progress Needs to Be Equitable, International Renewable Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Moore, M. (Financial Times, 2024). JPMorgan Warns of Need for \u2018Reality Check\u2019 on Phasing out Fossil Fuels, Financial Times."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Microsoft (2024, April 27). Describing the Forecasting Models in Power View|Microsoft Power BI Blog|Microsoft Power BI. Available online: https:\/\/powerbi.microsoft.com\/en-ca\/blog\/describing-the-forecasting-models-in-power-view\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1134\/S1019331620050111","article-title":"The Paris Agreement on Climate Is Coming into Force: Will the Great Energy Transition Take Place?","volume":"90","author":"Akaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Her. Russ. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bloomberg NEF (BloombergNEF, 2019). Clean Energy Investment Exceeded $300 Billion Once Again in 2018, BloombergNEF."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, L. (2023, March 10). Clean Energy Investment Worldwide by Major Country 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/799098\/global-clean-energy-investment-by-country\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Louw, A. (Bloomberg NEF, 2019). Clean Energy Investment Trends, Bloomberg NEF."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., and Roser, M. (2022). Energy, Our World in Data."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"DS New (2024, April 11). Energy Solar and Wind Dominate India\u2019s Power Capacity Growth In 2022-Knowledge. Available online: http:\/\/ba.dsnsolar.com\/info\/solar-and-ind-dominate-india-s-power-capacity-80381143.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bloomberg NEF (BloombergNEF, 2019). Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2019, BloombergNEF."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Vibhiti, G. (2022). Renewable Energy Investment Surges in India Investment Will Need to More Than Double to Meet 2030 Goals, Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bloomberg NEF (Bloomberg NEF, 2023). New Energy Outlook India, Bloomberg NEF."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"BP (2022). Bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, Whitehouse Associates."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The World Bank (2015). GDP (Constant 2015 US$)-World, China, Japan, Germany, Russian Federation, Brazil, Denmark, Portugal, Turkiye, India, Kazakhstan-1990\u20132023, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"The World Bank (2015). GDP (Constant 2015 US$)-World, China, Japan, Germany, Russian Federation, Brazil, Denmark, Portugal, Turkiye, India, Kazakhstan-1980\u20132023, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023). World Development Indicators|DataBank-Energy Intensitiy Level of Primary Energy (MJ\/$2017 PPP GDP), World Bank."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"IEA (2023, October 11). Global EV Data Explorer-Data Tools. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/global-ev-data-explorer."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Carlier, M. (2023, October 11). Estimated Electric Vehicles in Use in Selected Countries. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/244292\/number-of-electric-vehicles-by-country\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kemp, A. (2023, October 11). How Many Cars Are There in the World?. Available online: https:\/\/www.pd.com.au\/blogs\/how-many-cars-in-the-world\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Jaeger, J. (World Resources Institute, 2023). These Countries Are Adopting Electric Vehicles the Fastest, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Angele, H.-C., M\u00e4rki, A., Moeri, A., Nogueira, F., Castro, J., de Haan, P., Scacchetti, R., Meyer, R., Perch-Nielsen, S., and Goldemberg, S. (2013). Renewable Energy in Brazil 2050-A Vision for a Totally Renewable Brazil, Instituto Ekos Brasil."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Abelha, M. (2022). The Oil and Gas Industry in Brazil."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"da Costa, A.O., Santos, L.B.O.D., Henriques, R.M., and Araujo, R.B. (2021). Implementation of Bioenergy in Brazil-2021 Update, IEA Bioenergy."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124903","article-title":"Brazilian Sugar Cane Industry-A Survey on Future Improvements in the Process Energy Management","volume":"259","author":"Ensinas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Intersolar (2023, April 13). Brazil\u2019s 2050 National Energy Plan: Up to 90 GW of Installed PV Capacity until 2050. Available online: https:\/\/www.intersolar.net.br\/news\/brazils-2050-national-energy-plan-pv-capacity."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Neto, P.B. (2021). Electrical and Energy Expansion: Improvements, Risks and Limitations of the Proposed Trajectories, INESC. Monitoring the Brazilian NDC under President Bolsonaro."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ellis, J., and Rypl, N.C. (2021). 2030 Brazil Roadmap-Multiplying the Transition: Market-Based Solutions for Catalyzing Clean Energy Investment in Emerging Economies, Climate Investment Fund, Bloomberg NEF."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Roser, M., and Rosado, P. (Our World in Data, 2022). China: Energy Country Profile, Our World in Data.","DOI":"10.1332\/policypress\/9781529215144.003.0002"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023). Industry (Including Construction), Value Added (% of GDP)-China 2023, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hove, A., Wenyu, Q., Kaim, Z., and Fuer, N.K. (2020). China Energy Transition Status Repo, BMWi."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"CNPC (2018). China Energy Outlook 2050, CNPC ETRI."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"U.S.-China Ecconomic and Security Review Commission (2022). China\u2019s Energy Plans and Practices, 2022 Annual Report to Congress of the U.S.-CHINA Economic and Security review Commission."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Roselund, C. (pv Magazine International, 2019). US State Dept Issues Strategy to Diversify Clean Energy, Storage Supply Chains, pv Magazine International."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IEA (2020). Germany 2020-Energy Policy Review, IEA."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Nuclear Association (2023, July 08). Nuclear Power in Germany. Available online: https:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/country-profiles\/countries-g-n\/germany.aspx."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Amelang, S. (2023, June 10). Germany\u2019s Coal and Nuclear Power Exit Will Not Lead to Electricity Shortage\u2014Grid Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.cleanenergywire.org\/news\/germanys-coal-and-nuclear-power-exit-will-not-lead-electricity-shortage-grid-agency."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Zeniewski, P., Molnar, G., and Hugues, P. (2023, May 19). Europe\u2019s Energy Crisis: What Factors Drove the Record Fall in Natural Gas Demand in 2022?\u2014Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/commentaries\/europe-s-energy-crisis-what-factors-drove-the-record-fall-in-natural-gas-demand-in-2022."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kristensen, J. (2022). The European Gas Market, Oxera Consulting LLP."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD (2023). OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report March 2023: A Fragile Recovery, OECD. OECD Economic Outlook.","DOI":"10.1787\/d14d49eb-en"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Barnard, G., and Ollivaud, P. (2023). Energy Expenditures Have Surged, Posing Challenges for Policymakers\u2014ECOSCOPE, OECD."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Amelang, S. (2023, January 07). Transition State of Play\u2014Germany Is Emerging from the Energy Crisis. Available online: https:\/\/www.cleanenergywire.org\/germany-net-zero-transition-energy-crisis."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"DESTATIS (2024, May 03). Inflation Rate at +5.9% in 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/EN\/Press\/2024\/01\/PE24_020_611.html."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.32609\/j.ruje.6.55478","article-title":"German\u2013Russian Gas Relations in Face of the Energy Transition","volume":"6","author":"Westphal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Anderson, R.J. (2009). Europe\u2019s Dependence on Russian Natural Gas: Perspectives and Recommendations for a Long-Term Strategy|George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"ZeroHedge (2023, June 10). Germany\u2019s $2 Trillion Economic Miracle at Risk. Available online: https:\/\/oilprice.com\/Energy\/Energy-General\/Germanys-2-Trillion-Economic-Miracle-at-Risk.html."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Lepesant, G. (2023). Higher Renewable Energy Targets in Germany. How Will the Industry Benefit?, Ifri. Briefings de l\u2019Ifri."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerencheva, E. (2023, June 10). Germany Enshrines 80% Renewable Electricity Target into Law. Available online: https:\/\/www.esgtoday.com\/germany-enshrines-80-renewable-electricity-target-into-law\/.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210024372c082"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Sorge, P., and Fokuhl, J. (Bloomberg, 2023). Germany Faces $1 Trillion Challenge to Plug Massive Power Gap, Bloomberg."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Pepe, J. (ISPI, 2022). Germany Energy Policy in Turbulent Times: Between Transition Chances and Lock-in Risks, ISPI."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023). Industry (Including Construction), Value Added (% of GDP)-China, Germany 2023, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Tverberg, G. (2023, April 18). The Fatal Flaw of the Renewable Revolution|OilPrice.Com. Available online: https:\/\/oilprice.com\/Energy\/Energy-General\/The-Fatal-Flaw-Of-The-Renewable-Revolution.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Beard, S. (Marketplace, 2019). Itemizing Germany\u2019s $2 Trillion Bill for Reunification, Marketplace."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchison, M.M., Ito, T., and Westermann, F. (2005). The Great Japanese Stagnation: Lessons for Industrial Countries, University of Copenhagen, Economic Policy Research Unit (EPRU).","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4016.003.0003"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Masigan, A.J. (BusinessWorld Online, 2022). The Story of Japan\u2019s Economy\u2014Deflation and Economic Stagnation, BusinessWorld Online."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Okimoto, D.I. (2023, June 10). Causes of Japan\u2019s Economic Stagnation. Available online: http:\/\/aparc.fsi.stanford.edu\/research\/causes_of_japans_economic_stagnation."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"International Banker (International Banker, 2021). Japan\u2019s Lost Decade (1992), International Banker."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"29","article-title":"Energy Strategy and Transition to Green Energy in Japan","volume":"2","author":"Sergeevna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"IEA (2021). Japan 2021 Energy Policy Review, IEA."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Nuclear Association (2023, July 08). Nuclear Power in Japan|Japanese Nuclear Energy-World Nuclear Association. Available online: https:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/country-profiles\/countries-g-n\/japan-nuclear-power.aspx."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Jones, D. (2023, June 18). EU\u2019s Renewable Energy Ambition Is a \u201cWake up Call\u201d for Japan. Available online: https:\/\/ember-climate.org\/insights\/commentary\/g7-clean-power-eu-japan\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"METI (2021). Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 2050."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Inagaki, K. (Financial Times, 2022). Japan Faces Scrutiny over Details of $1.1tn Climate Plan, Financial Times."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7s\u00fc, I., Whitley, S., Roberts, L., Beaton, C., Chen, H., Doukas, A., Gedde, A., Gerasimchuk, I., Sanchez, L., and Suharsono, A. (2019). G20 Coal Subsidies. Tracking Government Support to a Fading Industry, OCI."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"McKinsey & Company (2009). Pathways to an Energy and Carbon Efficient Russia, McKinsey & Company."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Makarov, A., Kulagin, V., and Mitrova, T. (2019). Global and Russian Energy Outlook 2019, ERI RAS-Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVO."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Russian Federation (2022). National Report on the Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions from Sources and Removals by Sinks of Greenhouse Gases not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol for 1990\u20132020 [\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438o\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0414o\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 o \u041a\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0440o\u043fo\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0412\u044b\u0431\u0440o\u0441o\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0418\u0441\u0442o\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043ao\u0432 \u0438 \u0410\u0431\u0441o\u0440\u0431\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041fo\u0433\u043bo\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043ao\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u0430\u0437o\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0420\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u041co\u043d\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0440o\u0442o\u043ao\u043bo\u043c \u0437\u0430 1990\u20132020 \u0433\u0433.], (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Russian Government (2021). Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation with Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions until 2050 [\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0421o\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043do-\u042d\u043ao\u043do\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043ao\u0433o \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420o\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043ao\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0423\u0440o\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u044b\u0431\u0440o\u0441o\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043ao\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u0430\u0437o\u0432 \u0434o 2050 \u0413o\u0434\u0430. 2021], (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Makarov, \u0410.\u0410., Keiko, \u0410.V., Plakitkin, J.\u0410., Veselo, F.V., Solyanik, \u0410.I., Malahov, V.\u0410., Makarova, \u0410.S., Khorshev, \u0410.\u0410., Plakitkina, L.S., and Dyachenko, \u041a.I. (2022). Study of Ways and Rates of Development of Low-Carbon Energy in Russia [\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434o\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043fo\u0432 \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u0437\u043ao\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440o\u0434\u043do\u0439 \u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0420o\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438], ERI RAN. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Bashmakov, I., Bashmakov, V., Borisov, K., Dzedzichek, M., Lunin, A., and Govor, I. (2022). Russia\u2019s Carbon Neutrality: Pathways to 2060, Center for Energy Efficiency-XXI."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"RREDA (2023, February 12). The Growth Potential of the RES Industry in Russia by 2035 is estimated at 45 GW. [\u041fo\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0420o\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u0418\u042d \u0432 \u0420o\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a 2035 \u0413o\u0434\u0443 \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 45 \u0413\u0412\u0442]. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"RREDA (2022). Quarterly Information Review of the RES Market in Russia. Fourth quarter 2022. [\u0415\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0444o\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438o\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041e\u0431\u0437o\u0440 \u0420\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u0418\u042d \u0432 \u0420o\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b 2022], RREDA. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"World Nuclear Association (2023, July 08). Nuclear Power in Russia. Available online: https:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/country-profiles\/countries-o-s\/russia-nuclear-power.aspx."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Government of India (2023). Report on Optimal Generation Mix 2030, Version 2.0."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Catsaros, O. (BloombergNEF, 2023). Faster Deployment of Clean Power Such as Solar, Wind and EVs Can Enable India to Peak Emissions Before 2030, BloombergNEF."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"IRENA (2023). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2022, International Renewable Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Martin, P., Whiteside, J., and McKay, F. (2024). Conflicts of Interest: The Cost of Investing in the Energy Transition in a High Interest-Rate Era, Wood Mackenzie."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"OWD (2024, August 18). Share of Primary Energy Consumption from Low-Carbon Sources. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/low-carbon-share-energy?tab=chart."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Aizarani, J. (2023, April 18). Top Countries Natural Gas Production Worldwide. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264101\/world-natural-gas-production-by-country\/."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"EIA International-U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2023, June 12). Natural Gas, Available online: https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/data\/world\/petroleum-and-other-liquids\/annual-refined-petroleum-products;%20https:=?pd=3002&p=g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1483228800000."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16470-5_2","article-title":"How Green Is the Green Energy Transition? On the Road to Decarbonization","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Devezas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Challenges of Climate Change"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"IEA (2021). Global Hydrogen REVIEW 2021, IEA."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Cembalest, M. (2024). Electravision, J.P. Morgan. Eye on the Market 14th Annual Energy Paper."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/17\/4381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:52Z","timestamp":1760111212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/17\/4381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["en17174381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17174381","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}