{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:36Z","timestamp":1760146476978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper is the study of the storage of hydrogen in the liquid state, LH2, with a focus on the thermal gains for cylindrical and spherical tank geometries. A given tank volume was assumed; three geometries for such a tank were taken, similar to the most common tanks for LH2 storage: cylindrical (vertical and horizontal) and spherical. An integrated refrigeration system was considered for LH2 stored at a temperature around 22 K and at a pressure around 3 bar. Then, the energy expenditure by the refrigeration system to maintain LH2 in the liquid state was determined and compared with the value of the energy contained in the LH2, in order to compare such a storage method to other hydrogen storage methods, namely compressed hydrogen, in the gaseous state. The most important conclusion was that spherical tanks had lower thermal gains than tanks with other geometries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17225557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1730961682000},"page":"5557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of the Energy Expenditure in Different Storage Tank Geometries to Maintain H2 in the Liquid State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0032-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo F.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Cavadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andresa","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEM, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2005.03.009","article-title":"The Promise of Clean Energy","volume":"34","author":"Goldemberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, March 13). 2030 Climate Targets, Available online: https:\/\/climate.ec.europa.eu\/eu-action\/climate-strategies-targets\/2030-climate-targets_en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.08.016","article-title":"When Will Fossil Fuel Reserves Be Diminished?","volume":"37","author":"Shafiee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/14041049609409436","article-title":"Fossil fuels will not run out","volume":"12","author":"Radetzki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Miner. 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