{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:39:19Z","timestamp":1776818359020,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.06312.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06312.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["2020.06312.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06312.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MECI","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["2020.06312.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06312.BD"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["2020.06312.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06312.BD"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid PVT systems simultaneously produce electrical energy using photovoltaic technology and thermal energy using a heat extraction method that collects induced heat from the module. The purpose of this work is to establish a PVT system based on characterization, efficiency study, and performance analysis for both an electrical and a thermal system. A mathematical analysis of the electrical, thermal, and optical model is performed to establish the proposed system. Three types of heat exchanger pipes, including stainless steel, aluminum, and copper, are considered for a heat transfer analysis of the system. The results include temperature profiling, a comparison of the PVT system\u2019s different components, and an overall output and efficiency study for all of the mentioned pipes. Results show that the obtained electrical and thermal efficiency for stainless steel is 0.1653 and 0.237, respectively, for aluminum it is 0.16515 and 0.2401, respectively, and for copper it is 0.16564 and 0.24679, respectively. After comparison, it was found that the overall efficiency for stainless steel is 0.40234, for aluminum is 0.40526, and for copper is 0.41244. Thus, this study will enhance the opportunity to provide an effective hybrid PVT energy management system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18051050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:26:32Z","timestamp":1740129992000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization, Performance, and Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3591-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Tofael","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory, Center for Sci-Tech Research in EArth sysTem and Energy (CREATE), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masud Rana","family":"Rashel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory, Center for Sci-Tech Research in EArth sysTem and Energy (CREATE), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmudul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Independent University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Tanzin","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory, Center for Sci-Tech Research in EArth sysTem and Energy (CREATE), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"LE@D\u2013Laboratory of Distance Education and eLearning, Universidade Aberta, 1000-013 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouhaydine","family":"Tlem\u00e7ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory, Center for Sci-Tech Research in EArth sysTem and Energy (CREATE), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Janeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumentation and Control Laboratory, Center for Sci-Tech Research in EArth sysTem and Energy (CREATE), University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibria, M.G., Paul, U.K., Mohtasim, M.S., Das, B.K., and Mustafi, N.N. (2024). Characterization, Optimization, and performance evaluation of PCM with Al2O3 and ZnO hybrid nanoparticles for photovoltaic thermal energy storage. Energy Built Environ., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbenv.2024.06.001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M.T., Rashel, M.R., Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M., Hoque, T.T., Janeiro, F.M., and Tlemcani, M. (2024). Mathematical Modeling, Parameters Effect, and Sensitivity Analysis of a Hybrid PVT System. 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