{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T10:12:10Z","timestamp":1766139130026,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Operation and maintenance (O&amp;M) activities represent a significant share of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for offshore wind farms (OWFs), making cost reduction a key priority. Robotic-based solutions, leveraging aerial and underwater vehicles in a cooperative framework, offer the potential to optimize O&amp;M logistics and reduce costs. Additionally, the deployment of persistent autonomous robotic systems can minimize the need for human intervention, enhancing efficiency. This study presents the development of an O&amp;M cost calculator that integrates multiple modules: a weather forecast module to account for meteorological uncertainties, a failure module to model OWF failures, a maintenance module to estimate costs for both planned and unplanned activities, and a power module to quantify downtime-related losses. A forward-looking comparative economic analysis is conducted, assessing the cost-effectiveness of human-based versus robot-based inspection, maintenance, and repair (IMR) activities. The findings highlight the economic viability of robotic solutions in offshore wind O&amp;M, supporting their potential role in reducing operational expenditures and improving energy production efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18061508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T12:03:06Z","timestamp":1742299386000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Forward-Looking Assessment of Robotized Operation and Maintenance Practices for Offshore Wind Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID\/IST, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, September 30). 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