{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:53:32Z","timestamp":1770749612051,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Next Generation and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["TED2021-131839B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-131839B-C21"]}]},{"name":"EU Next Generation and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2022-140815OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140815OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"EU Next Generation and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["10.54499\/2022.08625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2022.08625"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","award":["TED2021-131839B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-131839B-C21"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","award":["PID2022-140815OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140815OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.","award":["10.54499\/2022.08625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/2022.08625"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The utilisation of agricultural residues for power generation is an opportunity to reduce fossil fuel usage and foster a sustainable circular economy in Mediterranean European regions. This can be achieved by resorting to the gasification process, which faces challenges such as optimising its operation parameters on real-world applications and lowering operational costs. This work studies the gasification process of a set of agricultural biomasses widely available in the Mediterranean Europe regions through modelling and simulation in Aspen Plus. The selected biomasses are olive stone, grapevine waste, and wheat straw. The effect of temperature, equivalence ratio, and steam-to-biomass ratio on gasifier performance and their effect on gas composition was assessed. The results indicate that olive stone and wheat straw performed best in terms of syngas composition and cold gas efficiency. The analyses show good gasification performance for temperatures above 750 \u00b0C, equivalence ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.3, depending on the raw material and steam-to-biomass ratios below 0.1. The obtained values show the validity and the potential of a downdraft gasification reactor to be used with these abundant agricultural biomasses in the Mediterranean European region. Its integration with a reciprocating engine is a rational choice for distributed power generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18164298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"4298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gasification of Agricultural Biomass Residues for Sustainable Development of Mediterranean Europe Regions: Modelling and Simulation in Aspen Plus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Engineering Department, University of Seville, Avda de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Antonio","family":"Rodriguez-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Engineering Department, University of Seville, Avda de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-8661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Chacartegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Engineering Department, University of Seville, Avda de los Descubrimientos s\/n, 41092 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Rouboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transport and Aerospace (LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseu","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transport and Aerospace (LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.02.067","article-title":"Political, economic and environmental impacts of biomass-based hydrogen","volume":"34","author":"Balat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.07.030","article-title":"Review and analysis of biomass gasification models","volume":"14","author":"Bruno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.10.004","article-title":"Characterization of Spanish biomass wastes for energy use","volume":"103","author":"Pizarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Avitabile, V., Baldoni, E., Baruth, B., Bausano, G., Boysen-Urban, K., Caldeira, C., Camia, A., Cazzaniga, N., Ceccherini, G., and De Laurentiis, V. (2023). Biomass Production, Supply, Uses and Flows in the European Union\u2013Integrated Assessment, Publications Office of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2760\/484748."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2246-7","article-title":"Biogas production: Current state and perspectives","volume":"85","author":"Weiland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.09.103","article-title":"Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"178","author":"Sawatdeenarunat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.137","article-title":"Anaerobic co-digestion of animal manures and lignocellulosic residues as a potent approach for sustainable biogas production","volume":"79","author":"Neshat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125680","article-title":"Environmental and energy performance of residual forest biomass for electricity generation: Gasification vs. combustion","volume":"289","author":"Copa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, P. (2013). Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396488-5.00004-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-8947(02)00142-0","article-title":"Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass","volume":"91","author":"Bridgwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114305","article-title":"Fundamental designs of gasification plants for combined heat and power","volume":"196","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"289","article-title":"Power generation from syngas","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.03.014","article-title":"Analysis of main gaseous emissions of heavy duty gas turbines burning several syngas fuels","volume":"92","author":"Chacartegui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.041","article-title":"Gas and steam combined cycles for low calorific syngas fuels utilisation","volume":"101","author":"Chacartegui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.12.007","article-title":"Performance analysis of a producer gas-fuelled heavy-duty SI engine at full-load operation","volume":"82","author":"Gobbato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.13044\/j.sdewes.d5.0172","article-title":"Tri-generation system based on municipal waste gasification, fuel cell and an absorption chiller","volume":"6","author":"Katsaros","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev. Energy Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/15567249.2016.1263250","article-title":"Economic feasibility study of hydrogen production from biomass gasification for PEM fuel cell applications","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Sources B Econ. Plan. Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.03.040","article-title":"Carbon sequestration potential via energy harvesting from agricultural biomass residues in Mekong River basin, Southeast Asia","volume":"68","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2018.11.003","article-title":"Characterization of residual biomasses from the coffee production chain and assessment the potential for energy purposes","volume":"120","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2018.12.007","article-title":"A feasibility analysis of distributed power plants from agricultural residues resources gasification in rural China","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.01.051","article-title":"Sugarcane bagasse gasification: Simulation and analysis of different operating parameters, fluidizing media, and gasifier types","volume":"122","author":"Motta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2017.02.002","article-title":"Steam gasification of wood pellets, sewage sludge and manure: Gasification performance and concentration of impurities","volume":"111","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, S., Monteiro, E., Brito, P., and Vilarinho, C. (2019). A Holistic Review on Biomass Gasification Modified Equilibrium Models. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12010160"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03050","article-title":"Syngas Production from Biomass Gasification: Influences of Feedstock Properties, Reactor Type, and Reaction Parameters","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"318","article-title":"Optimization of equivalence ratio for hydrogen production from biomass gasification","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"988","article-title":"Effect of equivalence ratio on the gasification of agricultural residues for hydrogen-rich syngas production","volume":"73","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, E., and Ferreira, S. (2023). Some Perspectives for the Gasification Process in the Energy Transition World Scenario. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16145543"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.074","article-title":"Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: A review","volume":"29","author":"Asadullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, March 09). International Olive Council. Available online: https:\/\/www.internationaloliveoil.org\/the-world-of-olive-oil\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.027","article-title":"Olive stone an attractive source of bioactive and valuable compounds","volume":"99","author":"Lama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, March 05). Wine Harvest Forecast 2017-18 2017. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/agriculture\/sites\/agriculture\/files\/wine\/statistics\/2017-2018_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12238","article-title":"Applications of Wine Pomace in the Food Industry: Approaches and Functions","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA) (2025, March 05). World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, Available online: https:\/\/www.usda.gov\/about-usda\/general-information\/staff-offices\/office-chief-economist\/commodity-markets\/wasde-report."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Commission (2025, March 05). Agri-food Data Portal. Available online: https:\/\/agridata.ec.europa.eu\/extensions\/DashboardCereals\/CerealsProduction.html?."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.67.1.42","article-title":"Grain yield and biomass relationship for crops in the Inland Pacific Northwest United States","volume":"67","author":"McClellan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Soils Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.08.019","article-title":"Evaluation of pretreatment methods for enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw for bioethanol production","volume":"91","author":"Govumoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.05.012","article-title":"Biomass gasification models for downdraft gasifier: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"50","author":"Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2015.11.005","article-title":"Biomass gasification technology: The state of the art overview","volume":"25","author":"Molino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2009.05.004","article-title":"The effect of air preheating in a biomass CFB gasifier using ASPEN Plus simulation","volume":"33","author":"Doherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Aspen Technology Inc. (2000). Aspen Plus User Guide, Version 10.2, Aspen Technology Inc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-014-0804-x","article-title":"Simulation of biomass gasification in downdraft gasifier for different biomass fuels using ASPEN PLUS","volume":"17","author":"Keche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clean. Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.02.027","article-title":"Modelling approaches to biomass gasification: A review with emphasis on the stoichiometric method","volume":"74","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Aspen Technology Inc. (2003). Aspen Plus 12.1 Getting Started Modeling Processes with Solids, Aspen Technology Inc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.25938","article-title":"Syn-Gas Quality Evaluation for Biomass Gasification with a Downdraft Gasifier","volume":"52","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. ASABE Trans."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(03)00037-0","article-title":"Computer simulation of a downdraft wood gasifier for tea drying","volume":"25","author":"Jayah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2021.106723","article-title":"A review of the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metal species on biomass gasification","volume":"214","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"425","article-title":"Biomass Gasification Processes in Downdraft Fixed Bed Reactors: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Bhavanam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, S., Monteiro, E., Calado, L., Silva, V., Brito, P., and Vilarinho, C. (2019). Experimental and modeling analysis of brewers\u2019 spent grains gasification in a downdraft reactor. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12234413"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.128","article-title":"Assessment of the miscanthus gasification in a semi-industrial gasifier using a CFD model","volume":"123","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Thermal Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300556","article-title":"Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review of the current status of the technology","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2021.1946599","article-title":"Valorisation of hazardous medical waste using steam injected plasma gasifier: A parametric study on the modelling and multi-objective optimisation by integrating Aspen plus with RSM","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.06.037","article-title":"Parametric study on biomass gasification by using air, oxygen-enriched air, air\/steam and oxygen-enriched air\/steam agents: An ASPEN plus modelling","volume":"73","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaman, S.A., Roy, D., and Ghosh, S. (2020). Process modeling and optimization for biomass steam-gasification employing response surface methodology. Biomass Bioenerg., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2020.105847"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Untoria, S., Rouboa, A., and Monteiro, E. (2024). Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Gasification of Sewage Sludge: Catalonia Case. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.0804.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124055","article-title":"Sustainable utilization of bamboo through air-steam gasification in downdraft gasifier: Experimental and simulation approach","volume":"252","author":"Kakati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.040","article-title":"Biomass gasification cogeneration- A review of state of the art technology and near future perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Ahrenfeldt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00132-1","article-title":"Mini- and micro-gas turbines for combined heat and power","volume":"22","author":"Pilavachi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0826(09)60021-1","article-title":"A review of biomass integrated-gasifier\/gas turbine combined cycle technology and its application in sugarcane industries, with an analysis for Cuba","volume":"5","author":"Larson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.10.004","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of potential power production and environmental benefits of biomass integrated gasification combined cycles in the European Union","volume":"53","author":"Escudero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R.C. (2019). Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119417637"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.02.036","article-title":"A review of cleaning technologies for biomass-derived syngas","volume":"52","author":"Woolcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2011.04.192","article-title":"Effect of syngas composition on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine operated in PREMIER combustion mode","volume":"36","author":"Azimov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115415","article-title":"Internal combustion engines powered by syngas: A review","volume":"276","author":"Fiore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/16\/4298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:56Z","timestamp":1760034356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/16\/4298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["en18164298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18164298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}