{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1772819808741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["0081_CEL_RURAL_6_E_V3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0081_CEL_RURAL_6_E_V3"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["2021.08721.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08721.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UID\/0350\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/0350\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["0081_CEL_RURAL_6_E_V3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0081_CEL_RURAL_6_E_V3"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0091_AGERAR_PLUS_6_E"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2021.08721.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08721.BD"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UID\/0350\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/0350\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0069\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrical grids are undergoing a transformation driven by the increasing integration of renewable energy sources on the consumer side. This shift, alongside the electrification of consumption\u2014particularly in areas such as electric mobility\u2014has the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions. However, it is also contributing to a rise in electricity prices due to growing demand and infrastructure costs. Paradoxically, these higher prices serve as a catalyst for further investment in renewable energy technologies by reducing the payback periods of such systems. Recent European legislation has accelerated this transformation by mandating the liberalization of energy markets. This regulatory shift enables the emergence of prosumers\u2014consumers who are also producers of energy\u2014by granting them the right to generate, store, and trade electricity using the existing distribution grid. In this new landscape, photovoltaic systems represent a viable and increasingly attractive investment option for both households and businesses. This study presents an economic evaluation of photovoltaic system investments across different European countries, focusing on key indicators such as payback periods and the impact of local solar irradiation on the resulting electricity price. The analysis provides insight into the varying economic feasibility of distributed solar energy deployment, offering a comparative perspective that supports both policymakers and potential investors in making informed decisions about renewable energy adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18174676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1756901252000},"page":"4676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Viability of Photovoltaic Investments Across European Countries Using Payback Periods and the Levelized Cost of Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8310-2595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jailson P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo B.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joni B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e2nio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistemas Ciberf\u00edsicos do Algarve\u2014CISCA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sistemas Ciberf\u00edsicos do Algarve\u2014CISCA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine and Environmental Research\u2014CIMA, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2023.107273","article-title":"Towards Paris Climate Agreement goals: The essential role of green finance and green technology","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100545","article-title":"The renewable energy role in the global energy Transformations","volume":"48","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. 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