{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:36:37Z","timestamp":1769603797751,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syngas, a renewable fuel primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is emerging as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Obtained mainly through the gasification of biomass and organic waste, syngas offers significant environmental benefits but also presents challenges due to its lower heating value and variable composition. This review establishes recent advances in understanding syngas combustion, chemical kinetics, and practical applications in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Variability in syngas composition, dependent on feedstock and gasification conditions, strongly influences ignition behavior, flame stability, and emissions, demanding detailed kinetic models and adaptive engine control strategies. In SI engines, syngas can replace up to 100% of conventional fuel, typically at 20\u201330% reduced power output. CI engines generally require a pilot fuel representing 10\u201320% of total energy to start combustion, favoring dual-fuel (DF) operation for efficiency and emissions control. This work underlines the need to integrate advanced modelling approaches with experimental insights to optimize performance and meet emission targets. By addressing challenges of fuel variability and engine adaptation, syngas reveals promising potential as a clean fuel for future sustainable power generation and transport applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18195112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"5112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modelling Syngas Combustion from Biomass Gasification and Engine Applications: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Copa","family":"Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Rijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8836-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mateos-Pedrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA\u2013Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico 10, 7300\u2212555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Igini, M. 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