{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:21:35Z","timestamp":1759450895033,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020668","name":"European Research Executive Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101206509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101206509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Stimulus of Scientific Employment program","award":["2022.04954.CEECIND\/CP1728\/CT0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04954.CEECIND\/CP1728\/CT0007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Harnessing Europe\u2019s strong wave energy could support net-zero emissions goals, but extreme ocean loads still make wave energy expensive and delay the rollout of commercial wave-energy converters (WECs). To address this, the twin-floater CECO WEC has been redesigned into a single-pivot device called the Pivoting WEC (PWEC), which includes a passive duck diving survival mode to reduce extreme wave impacts. Its performance is evaluated using detailed wave simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier\u2013Stokes (RANS) equations and the Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method in OpenFOAM-olaFlow, which is validated with data from small-scale (1:20) wave tank experiments. Extreme non-breaking and breaking waves are simulated based on 100-year hindcast data for the case study site of Matosinhos (Portugal) using a modified Miche criterion. These are validated using data of surface elevation and force sensors. Wave height errors averaged 5.13%, and period errors remain below 0.75%. The model captures well major wave loads with a root mean square error down to 47 kN compared to a peak load of 260 kN and an R2 up to 0.80. The most violent plunging waves increase peak forces by 5 to 30% compared to the highest non-breaking crests. The validated numerical approach provides accurate extreme load predictions and confirms the effectiveness of the PWEC\u2019s passive duck diving survival mode. The results contribute to the development of structurally resilient WECs, supporting the progress of WECs toward higher readiness levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18195189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1759220511000},"page":"5189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CFD Study of a Novel Wave Energy Converter in Survival Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8556-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandre","family":"Senocq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaTech School of Engineering, University of Toulon (UTLN), 83957 La Garde Cedex, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Georresources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mailys","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaTech School of Engineering, University of Toulon (UTLN), 83957 La Garde Cedex, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Georresources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Energy and Hydraulic Structures Research Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-LA), University of Porto, Port of Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Marine Energy Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (2023). Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 \u00b0C Goal in Reach\u20142023 Update, International Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). 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