{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:53:36Z","timestamp":1777658016582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P."},{"name":"EU funds under project","award":["UID\/50008\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) through the European Union","award":["56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shore power systems, also known as cold ironing or shore-to-ship (STS) connections, are increasingly recognized as a viable solution to reduce emissions and noise from ships during berthing operations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of shore power technology, with a focus on typical onboard energy consumption profiles across different types of ship, the main electrical architectures used in shore-side systems, and the compatibility challenges related to frequency, voltage, and control integration. The paper reviews international standards, particularly the ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 80005 series, that define technical requirements for interoperability and safety. A detailed analysis of recent patents highlights technological innovations in mobility, conversion topologies, and high-voltage integration. In addition, commercially available shore power solutions from major manufacturers are surveyed, with comparative data on power ratings, voltage levels, and converter topologies. Finally, the study discusses current limitations and outlines development directions for Onshore Power Supply systems, including regulatory developments, digital integration, and grid support functionalities. The insights presented aim to support the design, standardization, and deployment of efficient and scalable STS systems in line with global maritime decarbonization goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18205449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"5449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Plugging into Onshore Power Supply System Innovation: A Review from Standards and Patents to Port Deployment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0385-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica (DEE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, Alto de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, P-3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores (DEEC), Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Perdig\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica (DEE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Rua Pedro Nunes, Alto de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, P-3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Eletrot\u00e9cnica e de Computadores (DEEC), Universidade de Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo 2, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102282","article-title":"A green maritime shift: Lessons from the electrification of ferries in Norway","volume":"81","author":"Moe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. 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