{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:58:53Z","timestamp":1767941933023,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/50022\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00511\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00511\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/PRR\/00511\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/00511\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alternative energies are essential for meeting the global demand for environmentally friendly energy, especially as the use of fossil fuels is being reduced. In recent years, largely due to diminishing fossil fuel reserves, Portugal has been actively promoting investment in renewable energies to reduce its reliance on energy imports and fossil fuels. However, despite the country\u2019s high daily sunshine hours and utilization of wind and hydropower, energy production remains unstable due to climate variability. Climate instability leads to fluctuations in the energy supplied to the grid and can even partially withstand blackouts such as the one that occurred on 28 April 2025 on the Iberian Peninsula. To address this problem, energy storage systems are crucial to guarantee the stability of the supply during periods of low production or in situations such as the one mentioned above. This paper analyzes the feasibility of implementing an energy storage system to increase the profitability of a wind farm located in Alto Douro, Portugal. The study begins with a demand analysis, followed by simulations of the system\u2019s performance in terms of profitability based on efficiency and power. Based on these assumptions, a modular lithium battery storage system with high efficiency and rapid charge\/discharge capabilities was selected. This battery, with less autonomy but high capacity, is more profitable, since a 5% increase in efficiency results in high profits (\u20ac84,838) and curtailment (\u20ac70,962) using batteries with lower autonomy, i.e., 2 h (power rating of 5 MW combined with 10 MWh energy storage). Therefore, two scenarios (A and B) were considered, with one more optimistic (A) in which the priority is to discharge the batteries whenever possible. In the more realistic scenario (B), it is assumed that the batteries are fully charged before discharge. On the other hand, in the event of a blackout, it enables faster commissioning of the surrounding water installations, because solar and battery energy have no inertia, which facilitates the back start protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en19020306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1767786403000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hybrid Energy Storage System and the Contribution to Energy Production Costs and Affordable Backup in the Event of a Supply Interruption\u2014Technical and Financial Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4202-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Felgueiras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finerge, Av. Dom Afonso Henriques 1345, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Ferreira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00eddia","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2013Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8866-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florinda F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9879-8414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8991-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"APREN\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Energias Renov\u00e1veis (2025, November 14). Anu\u00e1rio 2024 APREN, July 2024. 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