{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:23:58Z","timestamp":1773192238180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) are recognized as effective collective models to accelerate decarbonization through shared renewable generation, consumption, and local flexibility provision. However, their large-scale deployment remains constrained by the temporal mismatch between variable renewable generation and strongly time-dependent demand, particularly in buildings where heating and cooling dominate final energy use. This state-of-the-art review provides an integrated and comparative assessment of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) within RECs, with explicit focus on power-to-heat (PtH) pathways and phase change material (PCM)-based cooling storage. Based on a structured analysis of the peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025, the review shows that TES represents a cost-effective and durable complement to electrochemical storage in heating- and cooling-dominated communities. Reported results indicate that TES integration can reduce peak electrical demand by 20\u201335%, increase local renewable self-consumption by 15\u201340%, and significantly lower required battery capacity in hybrid configurations. While BESS remains indispensable for short-term electrical balancing and fast-response grid services, TES offers lower costs per kWh stored, longer operational lifetimes (often exceeding 25\u201340 years), and lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, typically 70\u201385% lower than those of BESS when thermal energy is used directly. Among TES technologies, PCM-based systems demonstrate particular effectiveness in cooling-dominated RECs, enabling peak cooling power reductions of up to 30% through diurnal load shifting. Across climatic contexts, the literature converges on hybrid TES\u2013BESS architectures as the most robust storage solution, with reported reductions in grid imports and renewable curtailment of up to 35\u201340%. In addition, TES uniquely enables seasonal energy shifting, for which no cost-competitive electrochemical alternative currently exists. Despite these advantages, the review identifies persistent gaps related to the limited availability of long-term operational data and the need for empirical validation of hybrid control strategies. Future research should prioritize multi-year field demonstrations, advanced data-driven energy management, and policy frameworks that explicitly recognize thermal flexibility and sector coupling within Renewable Energy Communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en19051363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:58:45Z","timestamp":1773046725000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermal Energy Storage in Renewable Energy Communities: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7790-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago J. C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M. Torres","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCM2+\u2014Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RCM2+\u2014Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4203-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e2nio","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112435","article-title":"Implementing a Just Renewable Energy Transition: Policy Advice for Transposing the New European Rules for Renewable Energy Communities","volume":"156","author":"Hoicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunelli, L., Borri, E., Pisello, A.L., Nicolini, A., Mateu, C., and Cabeza, L.F. (2024). Thermal Energy Storage in Energy Communities: A Perspective Overview through a Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16145895"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkhatat, A., and Al-Muhtaseb, S.A. (2023). Combined \u201cRenewable Energy\u2013Thermal Energy Storage (RE\u2013TES)\u201d Systems: A Review. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16114471"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119003","article-title":"Towards Collective Energy Community: Potential Roles of Microgrid and Blockchain to Go beyond P2P Energy Trading","volume":"314","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papatsounis, A.G., Botsaris, P.N., and Katsavounis, S. (2022). Thermal\/Cooling Energy on Local Energy Communities: A Critical Review. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15031117"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2023.102328","article-title":"Thermal Energy Community-Based Multi-Dimensional Business Model Framework and Critical Success Factors Investigation in the Mediterranean Region of the EU","volume":"75","author":"Olives","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.08.141","article-title":"Synergies between Power-to-Heat and Power-to-Gas in Renewable Energy Communities","volume":"198","author":"Pastore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.126145","article-title":"Optimization Framework for Multi-Vector Energy Communities with Uncertainty-Aware Energy Management","volume":"395","author":"Selim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.116133","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications: Creation of a Database","volume":"225","author":"Vallese","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1002\/htj.23382","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis and Thermo-Economic Optimization of a Hybrid Phase Change Material-Based Heat Sink for Electronics Cooling","volume":"54","author":"Afaynou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heat Transfer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104623","article-title":"Energy Demand Forecasting in Seven Sectors by an Optimization Model Based on Machine Learning Algorithms","volume":"95","author":"Ghaderi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2316246","article-title":"Enhancing Electrical Power Demand Prediction Using LSTM-Based Deep Learning Models for Local Energy Communities","volume":"2024","author":"Pushpavalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109579","article-title":"Phase Change Material Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Cooling Applications in Buildings: A Review","volume":"119","author":"Faraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halkos, G.E., and Gkampoura, E.C. (2020). Reviewing Usage, Potentials, and Limitations of Renewable Energy Sources. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112906"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masood, U., Haggag, M., Hassan, A., and Laghari, M. (2023). A Review of Phase Change Materials as a Heat Storage Medium for Cooling Applications in the Built Environment. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071595"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastore, L.M. (2026). Sector Coupling and Flexibility Measures in Distributed Renewable Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/su18010437"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowitzsch, J., Heldeweg, M., Epp, J., and Bucha, M. (2026). Developing Energy Citizenship\u2014Empowerment Through Engagement and (Co-)Ownership, Individually and in Energy Communities. Soc. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci15010056"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S., Ali, A., and D\u2019Angola, A. (2024). A Review of Renewable Energy Communities: Concepts, Scope, Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16051749"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85106","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3195242","article-title":"Increasing Self-Sufficiency of Energy Community by Common Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"10","author":"Doroudchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.110906","article-title":"An Energy Community for Territorial Resilience: Measurement of the Risk of an Energy Supply Blackout","volume":"240","author":"Mutani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaroiu, A.C., Roscia, M., Lazaroiu, G.C., and Siano, P. (2025). Review of Energy Communities: Definitions, Regulations, Topologies, and Technologies. Smart Cities, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities8010008"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z., Sheng, H., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Wang, S., and Wang, K. (2026). The Biddings of Energy Storage in Multi-Microgrid Market Based on Stackelberg Game Theory. Energies, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/en19020433"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, F., Pav\u00f3n, W., and Minchala, L.I. (2024). Forecast-Based Energy Management for Optimal Energy Dispatch in a Microgrid. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17020486"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarbu, I., and Sebarchievici, C. (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010191"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, K., Ali, M., Siddique, M.N.I., Chand, A.A., Kumar, N.M., Dong, D., and Pota, H.R. (2022). A Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Ancillary Services in Distribution Grids: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions. Front. Energy Res., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.971704"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamarova, N., Suslov, K., Ilyushin, P., and Shushpanov, I. (2022). Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems Modeling in Microgrids with Renewables Considering Battery Degradation. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4288117"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136073","article-title":"Techno-Economic Performance of the Solar Tower Power Plants Integrating with 650 \u00b0C High-Temperature Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"324","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.04.061","article-title":"Generic Characterization Method for Energy Flexibility: Applied to Structural Thermal Storage in Residential Buildings","volume":"198","author":"Reynders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambini, M., Magnolia, G., Romagnoli, G., and Vellini, M. (2026). Smart Cities in the Roadmap Towards Decarbonization: An Example of a Solar Energy Community at Low CO2 Emissions. Energies, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/en19030594"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.115043","article-title":"The Role of Advanced Energy Management Strategies to Operate Flexibility Sources in Renewable Energy Communities","volume":"325","author":"Gallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.115278","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling of Distributed Energy System in the Industrial Park Based on Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (Carnot Battery)","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2009.10.002","article-title":"A Thermal Energy Storage Process for Large Scale Electric Applications","volume":"30","author":"Desrues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120694","article-title":"Large-Scale Pumped Thermal Energy Storage Systems: Climate Sensitivity and Scale-Dependent Economics","volume":"348","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.058","article-title":"Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) as Smart Sector-Coupling Technology for Heat and Electricity","volume":"183","author":"Steinmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sornek, K., Homa, M., Frigura-Iliasa, F.M., Frigura-Iliasa, M., Jankowski, M., Papis-Fr\u0105czek, K., Katerla, J., and Janus, J. (2025). Power-to-Heat and Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage: Pathways Toward a Low-Carbon Future for District Heating. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18215577"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solcom.2024.100093","article-title":"Energy Enhancement of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic\/Thermal Systems: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Kazem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Solar Compass"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotte, I., Snaak, E., and van Sark, W. (2024). Storing Excess Solar Power in Hot Water on Household Level as Power-to-Heat System. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17205154"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, M., and Linder, M. (2020). A Novel Thermochemical Long Term Storage Concept: Balance of Renewable Electricity and Heat Demand in Buildings. Front. Energy Res., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2020.00137"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.04.006","article-title":"Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Cooling Applications in Buildings: A Review","volume":"129","author":"Souayfane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE00002J","article-title":"Meeting Global Cooling Demand with Photovoltaics during the 21st Century","volume":"12","author":"Laine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2025.120228","article-title":"Synergistic Integration of Solid-State Hydrogen Storage with Thermal and Electrical Energy Storage: Multi-Energy Collaborative Optimization","volume":"343","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133948","article-title":"The Role of Thermal Energy Storages in Future Smart Energy Systems","volume":"313","author":"Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huylo, M., Sina Taheri, P., and Novoselac, A. (2024). Evaluation of Peak Shaving Using Thermal Energy Storage in a Validated CHP and District Energy Model. arXiv.","DOI":"10.63044\/w25huy79"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, W., and Karmakar, A. (2023). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2023 Update, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.","DOI":"10.2172\/1984976"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambhi, S., Sharma, H., Bhadoria, V., Kumar, P., Chaurasia, R., Fotis, G., and Vita, V. (2023). Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar PV\/Diesel Generator Smart Hybrid Power Plant Using Different Battery Storage Technologies for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043666"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012301","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ad9ce9","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Battery Energy Storage System for Stationary Applications in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Borerwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, E., Faruque, H.M.R., Sunny, M.S.H., Mohammad, N., and Nawar, N. (2020). A Comprehensive Review on Energy Storage Systems: Types, Comparison, Current Scenario, Applications, Barriers, and Potential Solutions, Policies, and Future Prospects. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13143651"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112560","article-title":"Renewable Energy Systems for Building Heating, Cooling and Electricity Production with Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"165","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.112299","article-title":"A Comprehensive Comparison of Battery, Hydrogen, Pumped-Hydro and Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Integration","volume":"93","author":"Fohagui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.115277","article-title":"Design and Optimization for Photovoltaic Heat Pump System Integrating Thermal Energy Storage and Battery Energy Storage","volume":"329","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse, H.C., Schimpe, M., Kucevic, D., and Jossen, A. (2017). Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid\u2014A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122107"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garttan, G., Alahakoon, S., Emami, K., and Jayasinghe, S.G. (2025). Battery Energy Storage Systems: Energy Market Review, Challenges, and Opportunities in Frequency Control Ancillary Services. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.0896.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coccato, S., Barhmi, K., Lampropoulos, I., Golroodbari, S., and van Sark, W. (2025). A Review of Battery Energy Storage Optimization in the Built Environment. Batteries, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries11050179"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanchev, P., and Hinov, N. (2025). Comparative Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Energy Storage Systems: Lithium-Ion, Lead-Acid, and Hydrogen. Batteries, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries11100382"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ann Cruickshank, C., and Baldwin, C. (2016). Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Diurnal and Seasonal. Storing Energy: With Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803440-8.00015-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110732","article-title":"Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage: A Techno-Economic Literature Review","volume":"139","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Eames, P. (2020). Thermal Energy Storage in the UK Energy System. Low Temperature Heat Recovery & Distribution Network Technologies (LoT-NET), Loughborough University."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.101","article-title":"Energy Density and Storage Capacity Cost Comparison of Conceptual Solid and Liquid Sorption Seasonal Heat Storage Systems for Low-Temperature Space Heating","volume":"76","author":"Scapino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Numerical Study of Performance Enhancement of Phase Change Material (PCM) Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System by Using Nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Al-Nahrain J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70345","DOI":"10.1002\/est2.70345","article-title":"Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in Latent Heat-Based Cold Thermal Energy Storage for Long-Term Cold Storage Applications: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Semane","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morphew, D., Nwoye, E., Park, H., Ahmed, S., Felts, J.R., Yu, C., and Shamberger, P.J. (2025). Rate of Thermal Energy Storage in Composite Phase Change Material Slabs. 2025 24th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITherm55376.2025.11235710"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"349","article-title":"Research on the Economics of Multi-Energy Complementary Systems and Renewable Energy Integration in Medium and Long-Term and Peak Shaving Markets","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strateg. Plan. Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.118920","article-title":"Optimization & Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid System with Thermal Energy Storage within a LEC","volume":"215","author":"Lygouras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2025.103954","article-title":"Exploring the Market and Community Acceptance of Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Technologies: Insights from a Population Survey in Switzerland","volume":"121","author":"Zumofen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.120887","article-title":"A Study of the Benefits of Including Thermal Energy Stores in District Heating Networks","volume":"231","author":"Pans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/18824889.2024.2402103","article-title":"Model Predictive Control of Smart Districts Participating in Frequency Regulation Market: A Case Study of Using Heating Network Storage","volume":"17","author":"Hoshino","year":"2024","journal-title":"SICE J. Control. Meas. Syst. Integr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065041","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4065041","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Using Reversible Turbomachinery for Pumped Thermal Energy Storage Systems","volume":"146","author":"Parisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70119","DOI":"10.1002\/est2.70119","article-title":"Techno Economic Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems With Battery Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"7","author":"Saurabh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"169026","article-title":"Comparative Sustainability Assessment of Battery and Cold Thermal Energy Storage for Solar-Powered Cold Storage in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Okenwa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. ASME Des. Eng. Tech. Conf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adapen.2022.100091","article-title":"The Role of Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Energy Storage in Least-Cost Highly Reliable Electricity Systems Fully Powered by Variable Renewable Energy","volume":"6","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Crawford, I., Shao-Horn, Y., and Keith, D. (2014). How Much CO2 Is Emitted by Manufacturing Batteries?, MIT Climate Portal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, J., Kleiman, A., Rehman, A.U., Verma, R., and Young, M.H. (2024). The Cobalt Supply Chain and Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16051910"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.110355","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Lab-Scale Solid Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Sustainable Alternative to Liquid Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"80","author":"Batuecas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22509","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c02709","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Strategies for Enhancing the Performance of Polyanionic-Based Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes","volume":"9","author":"Joy","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chphma.2025.06.003","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Sodium-Ion Battery Materials: Advances and Performance Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Wathoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemPhysMater"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2025.10.014","article-title":"Advancements in Sodium-Ion Batteries Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Development on Materials, Mechanisms, Applications, and Prospects for Energy Storage","volume":"14","author":"Tedla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterman, E., Del Pero, C., Zavrl, E., Leonforte, F., Aste, N., and Stritih, U. (2023). Phase-Change Material Thermal Energy Storage for the Smart Retrofitting of Existing Buildings. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16176127"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjuan, L.F.R., Peton, H., Arkhangelski, J., Tankari, M.A., and Lefebvre, G. (2025). Social Life Cycle Assessment of Stationary Battery Storage Systems: A Focus on Local Communities and Workers. 2025 14th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRERA66237.2025.11283961"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, G., Liu, P., Yang, Y., Che, B., Chi, Y., and Wang, J. (2025). Empirical Study on Cost\u2013Benefit Evaluation of New Energy Storage in Typical Grid-Side Business Models: A Case Study of Hebei Province. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18082082"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajset.20251002.12","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of Techno-Economic Performance of Battery Energy Storage for Solar Photovoltaic Systems; Sealed Lead-Acid and Nickel-Cadmium Batteries in Sierra Leone, Kenema Municipality","volume":"10","author":"Massaquoi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahoud, C., Harake, R., Fatfat, M., and Bazi, S. (2025). Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Mediterranean Large-Scale Buildings: A Study on Mobilized Thermal-Energy-Storage Systems. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15030464"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2024.103261","article-title":"Self-Discharge in Rechargeable Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices","volume":"67","author":"Babu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.37155\/2717-526X-0402-3","article-title":"Self-Discharge of Batteries: Causes, Mechanisms and Remedies","volume":"4","author":"Holze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43001","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXEnergy.2.043001","article-title":"Unsteady Inherent Convective Mixing in Thermal-Energy-Storage Systems during Standby Periods","volume":"2","author":"Otto","year":"2023","journal-title":"PRX Energy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, J.B., Cuevas, S.M.P.T., Justice, A.J.D., Menz, N.S., Duffy, S.C., Engel, T., and Lakeh, R.B. (2025, January 8\u201310). Computational Investigation of an Electro-Thermal Energy Storage System Utilizing Desalination Salt as Heat Storage Medium. Proceedings of the ASME 2025 19th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, ES 2025, Westminster, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/ES2025-156826"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keskinis, S., Elmasides, C., Kosmadakis, I.E., Raptis, I., and Tsikalakis, A. (2025). Techno-Economic Photovoltaic-Battery Energy Storage System Microgrids with Diesel Backup Generator: A Case Study in Industrial Loads in Germany Comparing Load-Following and Cycle-Charging Control. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18246463"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fialho, L., Fartaria, T., Narvarte, L., and Pereira, M.C. (2016). Implementation and Validation of a Self-Consumption Maximization Energy Management Strategy in a Vanadium Redox Flow BIPV Demonstrator. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9070496"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.106404","article-title":"Electrochemical Rebalancing Process for Vanadium Flow Batteries: Sizing and Economic Assessment","volume":"58","author":"Poli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1039\/D3YA00208J","article-title":"Beyond Energy Density: Flow Battery Design Driven by Safety and Location","volume":"2","author":"Reber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Adv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2023.101173","article-title":"Renewable Energy Community with Distributed Storage Optimization to Provide Energy Sharing and Additional Ancillary Services","volume":"36","author":"Brusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.124988","article-title":"Battery Energy Storage Systems for Ancillary Services in Renewable Energy Communities","volume":"260","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, S., Est\u00e9vez, M.A.P., Renzi, M., Montali, M., and Alberizzi, J.C. (2025, January 20\u201323). Energy Optimization and Techno-Economic Assessment of Renewable Energy Communities: An Italian Case Study. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), Valletta, Malta.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope64741.2025.11305534"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.56578\/jse030401","article-title":"Special Issue: Renewable Energy Communities and Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Transition","volume":"3","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132121","article-title":"A Novel Trigeneration Energy System with Two Modes of Operation for Thermal Energy Storage and Hydrogen Production","volume":"304","author":"Sharifishourabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.124813","article-title":"Simulation-Based Planning for Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Large-Scale Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Systems","volume":"258","author":"Dahash","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2026.120536","article-title":"Optimization Design and Performance Analysis of the Energy System Combining Electricity, Hydrogen and Heat Storage for near-Zero Energy Communities in China","volume":"152","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alassaad, K., Minto, J., and de Wilde, P. (2025). Enhancing Building Thermal Performance: A Review of Phase Change Material Integration. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18123200"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios, A., Krabben, Y., Linder, E., Thamm, A.K., Arpagaus, C., Paranjape, S., Bless, F., Carbonell, D., Schuetz, P., and Worlitschek, J. (2025). Thermal Energy Storage Technology Roadmap for Decarbonising Medium-Temperature Heat Processes\u2014A Review. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17219693"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, J., Souza, R., Oliveira, J., and Moita, A. (2025). Phase Change Materials in Residential Buildings: Challenges, Opportunities, and Performance. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18092063"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.115947","article-title":"Optimising Phase Change Materials for Ventilated Building Components in Sustainable Building Design: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"343","author":"Rashid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123908","article-title":"Industrial Energy Communities: Energy Storage Investment, Grid Impact and Cost Distribution","volume":"373","author":"Berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buehner, C., Magableh, S.K., Dawaghreh, O., and Wang, C. (2025, January 31). Impact Analysis of Utility-Scale Energy Storage on the ERCOT Grid in Reducing Renewable Generation Curtailments and Emissions. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM52009.2025.11225707"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Schmidt, F., Roth, A., Schill, W.-P., and Berlin, T.U. (2025). A Mix of Long-Duration Hydrogen and Thermal Storage Enables Large-Scale Electrified Heating in a Renewable European Energy System. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, S., and Pearce, J.M. (2025). A Review of Phase-Change Material-Based Thermal Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage of Solar Photovoltaic Systems Coupled to Heat Pumps in the Building Sector. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18133265"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128078","article-title":"Review on the Role of Metals in the Field of Phase Change Materials: From Their Use for Thermal Energy Storage to Multifunctional Applications","volume":"256","author":"Molteni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.06.007","article-title":"Phase Change Materials and Thermal Energy Storage for Buildings","volume":"103","author":"Cabeza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2026.147467","article-title":"Hybrid PVT-PVSFs Powered Desalination System with Phase Change Material Thermal Energy Storage: Dynamic Simulation in an Actual Weather Condition for Sustainable off-Grid Freshwater Production","volume":"541","author":"Alqatamin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehling, H., and Cabeza, L.F. (2008). Heat and Cold Storage with PCM, Springer. Heat and Mass Transfer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68557-9"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.03.022","article-title":"Thermal Performance Assessment of Passive Techniques Integrated into a Residential Building in Semi-Arid Climate","volume":"143","author":"Mastouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109083","article-title":"The Flexibility of Virtual Energy Storage Based on the Thermal Inertia of Buildings in Renewable Energy Communities: A Techno-Economic Analysis and Comparison with the Electric Battery Solution","volume":"73","author":"Fambri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2007.10.005","article-title":"Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials and Applications","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podara, C.V., Kartsonakis, I.A., and Charitidis, C.A. (2021). Towards Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: Classification, Improvements and Applications in the Building Sector. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041490"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwasi-Effaha, C.C., and Okpako, O. (2025). Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends in Thermal Energy Storage Mechanisms, Materials and Applications. Front. Energy Res., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2025.1651471"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202457","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202202457","article-title":"Emerging Solid-to-Solid Phase-Change Materials for Thermal-Energy Harvesting, Storage, and Utilization","volume":"34","author":"Usman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehling, H. (2024). Review of Classification of PCMs, with a Focus on the Search for New, Suitable PCM Candidates. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.1187.v1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mika, \u0141., Radomska, E., Sztekler, K., Go\u0142dasz, A., and Zima, W. (2025). Review of Selected PCMs and Their Applications in the Industry and Energy Sector. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18051233"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.10.054","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Eutectic Phase Change Materials: Development, Thermophysical Properties, Thermal Stability, Reliability, and Applications","volume":"112","author":"Anand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadshir, M., Kim, B.W., and Yin, H. (2024). Bio-Based Phase Change Materials for Sustainable Development. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194816"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111329","article-title":"Advances in Phase Change Materials, Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques, and Their Applications in Thermal Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"87","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-025-01160-2","article-title":"Advances in Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Integration in Thermal Management Applications","volume":"8","author":"Ghufran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emergent Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijanarko, N.P., Daniarta, S., and Kolasi\u0144ski, P. (2025). A Systematic Review of Biopolymer Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Direction. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18164262"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.057","article-title":"Review of Energy System Flexibility Measures to Enable High Levels of Variable Renewable Electricity","volume":"45","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Kelsall, C.C., Buznitsky, K., Kelsall, C.C., and Henry, A. (2021). Technoeconomic Analysis of Thermal Energy Grid Storage Using Graphite and Tin. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Han, X., Stershic, J., Zuo, W., Baker, K., and Lian, J. (2020). Multi-Stage Power Scheduling Framework for Data Center with Chilled Water Storage in Energy and Regulation Markets. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2006). Environmental Management\u2014Life Cycle Assessment\u2014Principles and Framework (Standard No. ISO 14040)."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2006). Environmental Management\u2014Life Cycle Assessment\u2014Requirements and Guidelines (Standard No. ISO 14044)."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Hauer, A. (2013). Thermal Energy Storage\u2014Insights for Policy Makers (Technology Policy Brief E17), International Renewable Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE00691F","article-title":"Environmental Impacts, Pollution Sources and Pathways of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"14","author":"Mrozik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.138580","article-title":"Novel Numerical Method for Simultaneous Design and Control Optimization of Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage Systems","volume":"337","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Ho, C.K., and Ambrosini, A. (2020). Chapter 12: Thermal Energy Storage Technologies, U.S. DOE Energy Storage Handbook."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Areola, R.I., Adebiyi, A.A., and Moloi, K. (2025). Integrated Energy Storage Systems for Enhanced Grid Efficiency: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies and Applications. Energies, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/en18071848"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.01.067","article-title":"Overview of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Potential Energy Savings and Climate Change Mitigation in Spain and Europe","volume":"88","author":"Arce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.189","article-title":"Advances in Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage for Solar District Heating Applications: A Critical Review on Large-Scale Hot-Water Tank and Pit Thermal Energy Storage Systems","volume":"239","author":"Dahash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"BloombergNEF (2023). Energy Transition Investment Trends 2023, BloombergNEF."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE03051F","article-title":"Power-to-What?\u2014Environmental Assessment of Energy Storage Systems","volume":"8","author":"Sternberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"65","article-title":"Heat Pumps and Thermal Energy Storages Centralised Management in a Renewable Energy Community","volume":"38","author":"Pasqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Energy Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohiti, M., Mazidi, M., Steen, D., and Tuan, L.A. (2022). A Risk-Averse Energy Management System for Optimal Heat and Power Scheduling in Local Energy Communities. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC\/I and CPS Europe 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope54979.2022.9854642"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.121663","article-title":"The Impact of Large-Scale Thermal Energy Storage in the Energy System","volume":"349","author":"Sifnaios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.272","article-title":"A Review on Supercooling of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems","volume":"70","author":"Safari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-4311(02)00192-8","article-title":"Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change: Materials, Heat Transfer Analysis and Applications","volume":"23","author":"Zalba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18831\/james.in\/2016011004","article-title":"Analysis and Comparison of Different Types of Thermal Energy Storage Systems: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Diaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirahmad, A., Shankar Kumar, R., Pato Dold\u00e1n, B., Prieto Rios, C., and D\u00edez-Sierra, J. (2025). Beyond Thermal Conductivity: A Review of Nanofluids for Enhanced Energy Storage and Heat Transfer. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15040302"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/19\/5\/1363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:12:36Z","timestamp":1773119556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/19\/5\/1363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en19051363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en19051363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]}}}